The concept of emergence has gained some popularity\ud
in the philosophy of mind and in metaphysico-epistemological\ud
explorations of our current scientific worldview. This\ud
concept is used to indicate that the �higher� levels of reality\ud
(e.g., mentality, normativity) cannot be reduced to the\ud
�lower� ones (particularly the physical or physico-chemical\ud
level, as studied by physics and other natural sciences).\ud
Emergent properties are properties of a complex system\ud
that cannot be deduced from (what is known about) the\ud
properties of the parts of the system. Roughly, the idea is\ud
to save such things as mentality (consciousness),\ud
normativity, and cultural entities from the threatening\ud
reduction or elimination dreamed of by more extreme\ud
physicalists
