Abu-Elmagd, K

Basu, A

Blisard, D

Dvorchik, I

Ellis, D

Kurland, G

Marsh, JW

Mazariegos, G

McCauley, J

McCurry, K

Morgan, C

Randhawa, PS

Shapiro, R

Sharma, B

Starzl, TE

Tan, HP

Webber, S

Name not available

Kidney after extrarenal transplantation - the impact of Alemtuzumab induction: 1582 (Abstract)

D-Scholarship@Pitt

Kidney after Extrarenal Transplantation - ):rJ f IL 1:..2> <) The Impact of Alemtuzumab Induction Ron Shapiroa, Amit Basu a, Henkie P. Tan a, Claire Morgan a, Vivek Sharma a, Deanna Blisard a, Parmjeet S. Randhawab, Igor Dvorchik a, Jerry McCauley a, Demetrius Ellis c, J. Wallis Marsh a, Steven Webber d, Geoffrey Kurland e, Kenneth McCurry t, Kareem Abu-Elmagd a, George Mazariegos a, and Thomas E. Starzl a a University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Di vision of Tran·splantation, Pittsburgh, P A b University of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA C Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Nephrology, Pittsburgh, P A d Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Cardiology, Pittsburgh, PA e Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Pulmonology, Pittsburgh, P A t University of Pittsburgh, Division of Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Pittsburgh, PA Keywords: kidney; extrarenal; Alemtuzumab Abstract word count: 245 Body word count: 849 Corresponding author: Ron Shapiro, MD Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Montefiore 7 South 3459 Fifth A venue Pittsburgh, PA 15213 email: shapiror@upmc.edu phone: 412-647-5730 Fax: 412-647-5736 In patients undergoing extrarenal transplantation, the favorable outcomes associated with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) have been tempered by the negative impact of CNI nephrotoxicity (l). This well described phenomenon has led to the development of end stage renal disease (ESRD) as an important complication of extrarenal transplantation, and some of these patients have gone on to kidney transplantation. A number of centers have reported on the efficacy of alemtuzumab induction or preconditioning in patients undergoing kidney transplantation alone (2 - 10). However, there are no publications describing the utility of alemtuzumab in patients undergoing kidney after extrarenal transplantation. In this report, we discuss our single center, retrospective experience with alemtuzumab induction, and compare it to a previous cohort not receiving alemtuzumab. Patients and Methods Between May 18, 1998 and October 8, 2007, 144 patients underwent kidney after extrarenal transplantation (Table 1). 72 patients received alemtuzumab induction (1 dose of 30 mg IV or 0.4 - 0.5 mg/kg in pediatric patients), with 2 peri operative doses of steroids, and simple resumption of the pre-kidney transplantation immunosuppressive regimen. 72 patients did not receive alemtuzumab (or, for the most part, any other antibody induction); they routinely received additional induction and maintenance steroids, higher doses of CNls, and the addition of an antiproliferative agent (usually MMF) if they had not been on one previously. There were 133 (92.4%) adults and 11 (7.6%) children. 35 (24.3%) had undergone previous heart, 16 (11.1%) lung, 87 (60.4%) liver, and 6 (4.2%) multivisceral transplantation. There were 100 (69.4%) deceased donor transplants, with a mean CIT of 24.7 ± 7.9 hours, and 44 (30.6%) living donor cases. Alemtuzumab began to be used in our institution in late 2002, so that the follow-up for the alemtuzumab patients was shorter, 23.3 ± 15.0 months, than for the no alemtuzumab patients, 48.1 ± 36.9 months. The overall mean follow-up was 35.7 ± 30.7 months. Statistics Continuous variables were compared using the t-test with Levene's test employed for verifying the assumption of equality of variance. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Institutional Oversight The data analysis was performed on de-identified data by one of the honest brokers in our division, Joseph Donaldson, under the guidelines of the IRB protocol number 0505123. (11) Results (Table 2) Overall 1 and 3 year patient survival was 91.5% and 75.3%, and was 93.0% and 78.9% in the alemtuzumab group and 90.0% and 72.4% in the no alemtuzumab group, respectively (p = ns). Overall 1 and 3 year graft survival was 88.1 % and 71.4%, and was 93.0% and 75.3% in the alemtuzumab group and 83.3% and 68.7% in the no alemtuzumab group, respectively (p = 0.051 - Figure 1). The overall mean serum creatinine levels at 1 and 3 years were 1.4 + 0.7 mg/dl and 1.5 + 0.9 mg/dl, respectively, and were not statistically different between the two groups. The incidence of acute rejection was lower in the alemtuzumab group, 15.3%, than in the no alemtuzumab group, 41.7% (p = 0.0001 - Table 3). The incidence of delayed graft function, defined as the need for dialysis during the first week after transplantation, was lower in the alemtuzumab group, 9.7%, than in the no alemtuzumab group, 25.0% (p = 0.003 - Table 3). The incidence of viral complications was not different between the two groups. Discussion Kidney after extrarenal transplantation is an uncommon subject for discussion, and the approach to immunosuppression is not well defined. In our center, it has accounted for 7.1 % of the kidney transplantations that have been performed, with 144/2034 cases in less than 10 years. As the kidney is a third party antigen, and as the level of immunosuppression in extrarenal transplants recipients tends to be relatively low by the time a kidney transplantation needs to be performed, some additional immunosuppression needs to be administered to prevent rejection of the kidney. The advantage of alemtuzumab induction in this context is that the baseline immunosuppression does not need to be changed. This simplifies patient management after transplantation and has the further advantage of less rejection, less DGF and slightly better graft survival, without any increase in viral complications. There are certain settings in kidney after extrarenal transplantation where alemtuzumab is not necessarily a good idea. These would include patients who are hepatitis C (HCY) positive and have had a previous liver transplant (12), or recently transplanted patients who have received heavy immunosuppression for the extrarenal organ. In these situations, we have recently utilized dac1izumab induction 1mg/kg at the time of transplantation and every 2 weeks for 4 additional doses, with standard tacrolimus/MMF-based immunosuppression, without additional maintenance steroids. This seems anecdotally to be a satisfactory approach. This experience has obvious limitations. It is retrospective, not randomized, and the no alemtuzumab group is something of an historical control. Unfortunately, kidney after extrarenal transplantation is not performed very often, and a randomized trial, either single center or multicenter, while desirable, will not be straightforward to perform. In the absence of such a trial, the experience reported here suggests that alemtuzumab induction with resumption of pre-kidney transplantation immunosuppression represents a simple and effective regimen in patients undergoing kidney after extrarenal transplantation. Table 1 No Alemtuzumab Overall Alemtuzumab Group Group 5/18/1998 - 1/15/2003 - 5/18/1998 -Time 10/8/2007 10/8/2007 7/21/2007 N 144 72 72 Recipient Age (yrs.) 52.1 +- 16.6 54.1 +- 15.5 50.1 +-17.5 Donor Age (yrs.) 38.4 +- 16.5 38.0 +- 15.5 38.9 +-17.6 Time after Extrarenal Tx (yrs.) 8.1 +- 4.7 8.3 +- 5.1 8.0 +- 4.4 Adult 133 (92.4%) 68 (94.4%) 65 (90.3%) Child 11 (7.6%) 4 (5.6%) 7 (9.7%) Previous Heart 35 (24.3%) 26 (36.1%) 9 (12.5%) Lung 16 (11.1%) 7 (9.7%) 9 (12.5%) Liver 87 (60.4%) 37 (51.4%) 50 (69.4%) Mu Itivisceral 6 (4.2%) 2 (2.8%) 4 (5.6%) Deceased Donor 100 (69.4%) 45 (62.5%) 55 (76.4%) Cold Ischemia Time 24.7 +- 7.9 hrs 24.2 +- 7.5 hrs 25.1 +- 8.4 hrs Living Donor 44 (30.6%) 27 (37.5%) 17 (23.6%) PRA 3.3 +- 9.6 2.6 +- 9.7 4.0 +- 9.4 Table 2 No Alemtuzumab Overall Alemtuzumab Group Group Patient 1 year Survival % 91.5% 93.0% 90.0% 3 year Survival % 75.3% 78.9% 72.4% Graft 1 year Survival % 88.1% 93.0% 83.3% 3 year Survival % 71.4% 75.3%* 68.7% Mean Serum Creatinine 1 year 1.4 +- 0.7 mg/dl 1.3 +- 0.5 mg/dl 1.5 +- 0.8 mg/dl 3 year 1.5 +- 0.9 mg/dl 1.3 +- 0.7 mg/dl 1.6 +- 1.0 mg/dl * p = 0.051 Table 3 Overall Alemtuzumab No Alemtuzumab Group Group Complications Acute Rejection 28.5% 15.3% 41.7%** Delayed Graft Function 17.4% 9.7% 25.0%*** CMV 0% 0% 0% PTLD 0.7% 0% 1.4% BK Virus 4.2% 4.2% 2.8% ** p = 0.0001 *** p = 0.003 Figure 1 - Graft Survival in Kidney after Extrarenal Transplantation 1.0 0 .9 0.8 0 .7 Ii 06 > . ":; ... ~ 0 .5 E ::::I () 0.4 0 .3 0 .2 0 .1 00 (alemtuzumab ; no alemtuzumab ) Graft Survival Functions o 360 720 1080 1440 1800 21 60 2520 2880 3240 3600 Time After Transplantation (days) Induct ionCode -ri O 11 1 + O-censored + 1-censored References 1. Ojo AO, I-Icld PJ, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Leichtman AB, Young E\v', Arndorfer J, Christensen L, Merion RM. Chronic Renal Failure after Transplantation of a Nonrenal Organ. N EnglJ Med 2003; 349(10):331-40. 2. Waldmann I I. i\ personal history of the CAMP ATH -lH antibody. Med Oncol 2002; 19(suppl):3. 3. Calne R, Friend P, Moffatt S, et al. Prope tolerance, perioperative Campath 1H, and low-dose cyclosporine Monotherapy in renal allograft recipients. Lancet 1998; 351:1701. 4. Stuart FP, Leventhal JR, Kaufman DB. Alemtuzumab facilitates prednisone free immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients with no early rejection. Am J Transplant 2002; 2(suppl):397. 5. Knechtle SJ, PirschJD, H FechnerJ Jr, et al. Campath-1H induction plus rapamycin monotherapy for renal transplantation results of a pilot study. Am j Transplant 2003; 3:722. 6. Kirk AD, Hale DA, Mannon RB, et al. Results from a human renal allograft tolerance trial evaluating the humanized CD 52-specific monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (CAl\1PATH-1H). Transplantation 2003; 76:120. 7. Shapiro R, Basu A, Tan HP, et al. Kidney transplantation under minimal immunosuppression after pretransplant lymphoid depletion with thymoglobulin or Campath. J Am CoIl Surg 2005; 200:505. 8. Shapiro R, Ellis D, Tan HP, et al. Antilymphoid antibody preconditioning and tacrolimus monotherapy for pediatric kidney transplantation. J Pediatr 2006; 148:813. 9. Tan HP, Kaczorowski DJ, Basu A, et al. Living donor renal transplantation using alemtuzumab induction and tacrolimus monotherapy. Am J Transp12006; 6:2409. 10. Shapiro R, Zeevi A, Basu A, Tan HP, Kayler L, Blisard D, Thai N, Girnita A, Randhawa P, Gray E, Marcos A, Starzl TE. Alemtuzumab preconditioning with tacrolimus monotherapy-the impact of serial monitoring for donor-specific antibody. Transplantation 2008; 85(8):1125-1132. 11. University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board (homepage on the internet) Pittsburgh: University ofPittsburgh;2006 (updated 2006 January 17; cited 2006 February 10). Jurisdiction, Structure, and Responsibilities of the Institutional Review Board. Reference Manual for the Use of Human Subjects in Research. Available online at http://www.irb.pitt.edu/manuallpreface.pdf 12. Eghtesad B, FungJJ, Demetris, AJ, Murase N, Ness R, Bass DC, Gray EA, Shakil 0, Flynn B, Marcos A, and Starzl TE, Immunosuppression for Liver Transplantation in HCV-Infected Patients: Mechanism-Based Principles. Liver Transplantation 2005; 11 (11):1343-52. 

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Kidney after extrarenal transplantation - the impact of Alemtuzumab induction: 1582 (Abstract)

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