Kuttner, C.

Wiesner, Henning

English

Universität München: Elektronischen Publikationen

Journal o[Zoo Animal Medicine 18(4): 144-147, 1987 
Copyright 1987 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 
CHANGES OF BLOOD V ALUES IN 
PRZEWALSKI HORSES (EQUUS PRZEWALSKI PRZEWALSKI) 
AND ZEBRAS (EQUUS ZEBRA HARTMANNAE) 
DURING CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION 
c. Kuttner H. Wiesner* 
INTRODUCTION 
In the medical care of zoo animals one is 
confronted with the problem that most an-
imals can only be examined ifthey are under 
anesthesia. Therefore, blood sampies, which 
are often necessary for examination, must 
be taken from sedated animals. In the in-
terpretation of results the question arises: 
to what degree do stress at the time of ap-
plication, the anesthetic itself, and the 
bloodletting after sedation sets in have an 
influence on the blood parameters? 
Although so-called baseline data exist for 
some species, no assertions are made about 
the influence of anesthesia. In order to be 
able to determine if a value that deviates 
from the norm is caused by anesthesia or 
has a pathological reason, the following ex-
periment was conducted. 
Twenty Przewalski horses and seven 
mountain zebras, all known to be clinically 
healthy, were anesthetized for hoof care and 
pregnancy checks. Ten, 20, and 30 min after 
application ofthe anesthetic, blood was tak-
en and was examined hematologically as well 
as serologically. Certain conclusions can be 
drawn about the influence of stress and an-
esthetics based on the fluctuations that could 
be observed when comparlng the results for 
these periods of time. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Twenty przewalski horses (Equus przewalski prze-
walski) and seven mountain zebras (Equus zebra hart-
mannae), both male and female and all older than 9 
mo, were examined. The animals were clinically healthy, 
were kept separated from one another, and were fasted 
for 24 hr before the anesthesia. A mixture of Immo-
bilon®a (2.45 mg etorphine hydrochloride + 10 mg 
* Zoological Garden, Munich, West Germany. 
acepromazine/ml) and xylazine," which has proven to 
be an effective anesthetic for sedation of different zoo 
animals, was used. The following doses were injected 
into the neck musculature using a blow-pipe: zebras 
(ca. 300 kg), 1.5 mllmmobilon@ + 20 mg xylazine; 
Przewalski horses (ca. 200 kg), 1.8 mg Immobilon@ + 
40 mg xylazine; Przewalski horses (ca. 350 kg), 2.5 ml 
Immobilon ® + 40 mg xylazine. 
After aperiod of excitation that lasted about 4-8 
min, the animals were sedated. The typical side effects 
of the drug Immobilon®, tachycardia and musde 
tremors, occurred regularly. Ten, 20, and 30 min after 
injection of the anesthetic blood sampies were taken 
from the jugular vein and placed in EDT A tubes for 
hematology tests and in dot tubes for serological ex-
amination. 
After the third sampie was drawn, the animals were 
reawakened by an intravenous injection ofRevivon@c 
(10 mg diprenorphine/ml), the antidote to Immobi-
lon@. The animals awakened after aperiod of 3-5 min 
and were able to stand up again. Two to 3 hr later the 
blood sampies were examined hematologically and se-
rologically according to standardized methods. 
The whole blood was analyzed for complete blood 
count, urea, and glucose, which were photometrically 
evaluated after enzymatic reactions.d Electrolytes, en-
zyme activities, bilirubin, creatinine, and total protein 
were determined in the serum. Sodium, potassium, and 
calcium were determined in an acetylene flame pho-
tometer. Chloride was determined coulometrically and 
phosphorus photometrically (405 nm). All other serum 
parameters were analyzed using a Hitachi Autoana-
lyzer, which works by photometric methods. 
The results for the blood sampies that were taken 10 
min after the injection served as basic data. The other 
sampies were compared to those results and changes 
were statistically evaluated. Means (x), standard de-
viations (± SD), and significance of differences (P) were 
calculated. 
RESULTS 
Only blood glucose showed highly sig-
nificant changes (P = 0.001). The glucose 
values of the przewalski horses rose from 
112 mgldl (10 min after injection) to 166 
mgldl (30min after injection). In the same 
144 
KUTTNER AND WIESNER-BLOOD VALUES IN PRZEWALSKI HORSES AND ZEBRAS 145 
Table 1. Blood values found in Przewalski horses (n = 20). 
10 min postinjection 30 min postinjection 
x 
RBC (WO / /oLl) 8.9 
Hemoglobin (mgldl) 15.5 
Hematocrit (%) 43.7 
MCV (/oLm 3) 51 
MCHC (%) 35 
MCH (pg) 18 
WBC (l//oLl) 8,257 
Lymphocytes, absolute (//oLl) 2,798 
Lymphocytes, relative (%) 34 
Segments, absolute (/ /oLl) 5,184 
Segments, relative (%) 62 
Chloride (mgldl) 94 
Sodium (mmol/dl) 138 
Calcium (mmol/dl) 3.0 
Potassium (mmol/dl) 4.7 
Phosphorus (mgldl) 4.7 
Glucose (mgldl) 112 
Bilirubin (mgldl) 0.98 
Creatinine (mgldl) 1.12 
GOT (lU/liter) 208 
GPT (lU/liter) 8 
AP (lU/liter) 355 
LDH (lU/liter) 579 
GLDH (lU/liter) 13 
G-GT (lU/liter) 17 
Cholinesterase (lU/liter) 7,245 
Total protein (mgldl) 6.9 
CK (lU/liter) 142 
Urea (mgldl) 27 
period the values for the zebras rose from 
108 mgldl to 174 mgldl. 
Significant changes could be observed in 
hemoglobin (P = 0.037), red blood cells (P = 
0.033), and hematocrit (P = 0.009). Each 
of these parameters decreased. The exact 
values can be seen in Tables 1 and 2. 
Even though the following values cannot 
be statistically proved, they may however 
show certain trends. Leucocytes, neutro-
phils, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, to-
tal protein, GOT, GPT, and AP decreased 
slightly in horses as well as in zebras. In 
horses the relative lymphocytes showed a 
strong rise between 10 and 20 min after 
injection and remained constant between 20 
and 30 min after injection, but the zebra 
values fell slightly from 10 to 20 min after 
injection and rose from 20 to 30 min after 
injection. The values ofthe relative neutro-
±SD x ±SD 
0.9 7.9 1.3 
1.7 13.8 2.1 
3.7 39.5 4.4 
8 49 7 
2 35 2 
2 17 1 
1,684 7,871 1,498 
809 3,112 848 
9 40 9 
1,444 4,393 1,063 
10 56 9 
4 93 4 
4 136 5 
0.1 2.8 0.1 
0.5 4.3 0.5 
1.3 4.2 1.4 
21 166 37 
0.36 0.87 0.27 
0.29 1.05 0.37 
49 193 33 
3 6 2 
133 323 113 
141 540 130 
12 11 9 
6 17 7 
1,118 7,313 850 
1 6.4 1.2 
54 141 64 
18 25 20 
phils showed exactly the opposite results. 
MCV, MCH and MCHC, total lympho-
cytes, bilirubin, creatinine, chloride, so-
dium, CK, G-GT, cholinesterase, and urea 
proved to be, to a large degree, unchanged 
by the immobilization. 
DISCUSSION 
The most distinct changes during anes-
thesia could be observed in the red blood 
cells. The significant dec1ine ofhemoglobin, 
erythrocytes, and hematocrit can be ex-
plained by the physiological reservoir ofthe 
spleen, which is highly developed in equines. 
Therefore they have 25% more circulating 
red blood cells during aperiod of agitation 
than they have in aperiod of relaxation. 
The dec1ine in this experiment is therefore 
based on the backflow of the erythrocytes 
to the spleen, which has c1eared its capacity 
146 JOURNAL OF ZOO ANIMAL MEDICINE 
Table 2. Blood values found in zebras (n = 7). 
10 min postinjection 30 min postinjection 
Je 
RBC (106/1'1) 9.1 
Hemoglobin (mgldl) 15.7 
Hematocrit (%) 45.3 
MCV (Jtm3) 49 
MCHC(%) 35 
MCH (pg) 17 
WBC (111'1) 8,850 
Lymphocytes, absolute (/1'1) 2,864 
Lymphocytes, relative (%) 34 
Segments, absolute (/1'1) 5,678 
Segments, relative (%) 63 
Chloride (mgld1) 91 
Sodium (mmol/dl) 137 
Calcium (mmol/dl) 2.4 
Potassium (mmol/dl) 4.3 
Phosphorus (mgld1) 3.9 
Glucose (mgldl) 108 
Bilirubin (mgldl) l.l 
Creatinine (mgldl) 1.84 
GOT (lU/liter) 222 
GPT (lU/liter) 12 
AP (lU/liter) 190 
LDH (lU/liter) 635 
GLDH (lU/liter) 17 
G-GT (lU/liter) 25 
Cholinesterase (lU/liter) 3,064 
Total protein (mgldl) 6.9 
CK (lU/liter) 70 
Urea (mgldl) 32 
during the period of excitation. It is possible 
that this explanation also accounts for the 
slight drop in leucocytes. Urea showed slight 
individual changes. All other parameters 
showed a clear (potassium, calcium, phos-
phorus, total protein, GOT, GPT, AP, LDH, 
GLDH) to slight (bilirubin, creatinine, chlo-
ride, sodium, CK, G-GT, cholinesterase) 
tendency to decrease. The uniform decreas-
ing trend of the different parameters is to 
be interpreted as an extravasal fluid shift, 
which means a dilution of the blood with 
the anesthesia working as an unspecific 
stimulus. 
CONCLUSION 
The important changes happen in the cor-
puscular part ofthe blood as weH as in blood 
glucose. However, even though the changes 
are significant, the physiological variances 
±SD Je ±SD 
0.9 7.9 1.1 
2.6 13.8 2.3 
5.5 39.4 5.7 
4 47 4 
3 35 3 
I 16 I 
2,127 7,121 1,015 
578 3,104 678 
II 42 10 
2,245 4,398 1,426 
12 57 7 
4 90 7 
5 136 2 
0.2 2.2 0.2 
0.8 3.6 0.5 
0.9 3.6 0.9 
32 174 42 
0.78 1.03 0.72 
0.17 1.79 0.25 
93 202 79 
14 II 12 
57 175 51 
220 579 204 
36 13 21 
20 23 17 
1,324 2,741 1,183 
0.4 6.4 0.4 
56 61 46 
12 31 II 
are larger than the increase or decline of the 
values between the three intervals. Only in 
blood glucose are there no overlaps of stan-
dard deviations between 10, 20, and 30 min 
after injection. The changes in the other pa-
rameters are smaller than the physiologie 
variances known from domesticated horses. 
Blood values taken under narcosis, which 
differ from reference values, do not change 
because ofthe immobilizing drugs but rath-
er show pathologie changes. Excluded are 
the values of red blood ceHs, hemoglobin, 
hematocrit, and glucose, which changed sig-
nificantly during the 30-min experiment. 
PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN TEXT 
a. Immobilon ®, Reckitt & Coleman. 
b. Xylazine, Bayer. 
c. Revivon ®, Reckitt & Coleman. 
d. Teststrips, Fa. Merck. 
KUTTNER AND WIESNER- BLOOD VALUES IN PRZEW ALSKI HORSES AND ZEBRAS 147 
REFERENCES 
1. Bentley, K. W.: New potent analgesics in the 
morphine series. Proceedings of the Chemical Society 
ofLondon 220: 220, 1963. 
2. Booklet for Immobilon ®. Fa. Reckitt & Cole-
man. 
3. Gatesman, T.: Immobilization of polar and 
brown bears using etorphine and xylazine. Journal of 
Zoo Animal Medicine 13: 1I-18, 1982. 
ANNOUNCEMENTS 
ASSOCIATION OF AVIAN VETERINARIANS 
The Association of A vian Veterinarians Annual 
Conference will be held 26 September through I Oc-
tober 1988 at the Adams Mark Hotel, Houston, Texas. 
For further information contact Sylvia Komelsen, AA V 
Conference Office, 1625 S. Birch, Suite 106, Denver, 
Colorado 80222, (303) 756-8380. 
Call Jor papers: The Association of Avian Veteri-
narians is accepting proposals for clinically oriented 
case reports, comprehensive reviews, or wet labs on 
avian medical or surgical topics. Material must be orig-
inal and previously unpublished. Papers will be pre-
sented 26 September through 1 October 1988 in Hous-
ton, Texas. Send brief abstract to AA V Conference 
Office, 1625 S. Birch, Suite 106, Denver, Colorado 
80222, (303) 756-8380. Deadline: 1 March 1988. 
AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ZOOWGICAL 
MEDICINE 
The next certification examination of the American 
College of Zoologica1 Medicine will be offered on 4-5 
4. Graham-Jones, 0.: Restraint and anesthesia of 
some captive wild animals. Veterinary Record 76: 1216, 
1964. 
5. Hanusch, H.-G.: Tierexperimentelle Untersuch-
ungen über Zusammenhänge zwischen Blutbild und 
Narkose. Berlin-Ost, 1971. 
November 1988 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, before 
the annual meeting ofthe American Association ofZoo 
Veterinarians. Each applicant must be a graduate of 
an A VMA-accredited veterinary school and be a li-
censed veterinarian. Applicants who have completed 
an ACZM-approved postgraduate training program 
must have at least 5 years experience, 100% zoologica1 
medicine or its equivalent. The applicant must be se-
nior author on at least six publications in the field. The 
certification examination will be comprehensive, cov-
ering all aspects of veterinary medicine relating to a 
broad range of animal groups including mammals, birds, 
reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Completed applications, 
with fees and supporting materials, must be received 
no later than 1 June 1988. For application forms and 
specific qualification requirements, contact Dr. Lynd-
say G. Phillips, ACZM Secretary, Department of An-
imal Health, National Zoological Park, Washington, 
D.C. 20008. 


Changes of blood values in Przewalski Horses (Equus Przewalski Przewalski) and Zebras (Equus Zebra Hartmannae)

Open Access LMU

Journal o[Zoo Animal Medicine 18(4): 144-147, 1987 Copyright 1987 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians CHANGES OF BLOOD V ALUES IN PRZEWALSKI HORSES (EQUUS PRZEWALSKI PRZEWALSKI) AND ZEBRAS (EQUUS ZEBRA HARTMANNAE) DURING CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION c. Kuttner H. Wiesner* INTRODUCTION In the medical care of zoo animals one is confronted with the problem that most an-imals can only be examined ifthey are under anesthesia. Therefore, blood sampies, which are often necessary for examination, must be taken from sedated animals. In the in-terpretation of results the question arises: to what degree do stress at the time of ap-plication, the anesthetic itself, and the bloodletting after sedation sets in have an influence on the blood parameters? Although so-called baseline data exist for some species, no assertions are made about the influence of anesthesia. In order to be able to determine if a value that deviates from the norm is caused by anesthesia or has a pathological reason, the following ex-periment was conducted. Twenty Przewalski horses and seven mountain zebras, all known to be clinically healthy, were anesthetized for hoof care and pregnancy checks. Ten, 20, and 30 min after application ofthe anesthetic, blood was tak-en and was examined hematologically as well as serologically. Certain conclusions can be drawn about the influence of stress and an-esthetics based on the fluctuations that could be observed when comparlng the results for these periods of time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty przewalski horses (Equus przewalski prze-walski) and seven mountain zebras (Equus zebra hart-mannae), both male and female and all older than 9 mo, were examined. The animals were clinically healthy, were kept separated from one another, and were fasted for 24 hr before the anesthesia. A mixture of Immo-bilon®a (2.45 mg etorphine hydrochloride + 10 mg * Zoological Garden, Munich, West Germany. acepromazine/ml) and xylazine," which has proven to be an effective anesthetic for sedation of different zoo animals, was used. The following doses were injected into the neck musculature using a blow-pipe: zebras (ca. 300 kg), 1.5 mllmmobilon@ + 20 mg xylazine; Przewalski horses (ca. 200 kg), 1.8 mg Immobilon@ + 40 mg xylazine; Przewalski horses (ca. 350 kg), 2.5 ml Immobilon ® + 40 mg xylazine. After aperiod of excitation that lasted about 4-8 min, the animals were sedated. The typical side effects of the drug Immobilon®, tachycardia and musde tremors, occurred regularly. Ten, 20, and 30 min after injection of the anesthetic blood sampies were taken from the jugular vein and placed in EDT A tubes for hematology tests and in dot tubes for serological ex-amination. After the third sampie was drawn, the animals were reawakened by an intravenous injection ofRevivon@c (10 mg diprenorphine/ml), the antidote to Immobi-lon@. The animals awakened after aperiod of 3-5 min and were able to stand up again. Two to 3 hr later the blood sampies were examined hematologically and se-rologically according to standardized methods. The whole blood was analyzed for complete blood count, urea, and glucose, which were photometrically evaluated after enzymatic reactions.d Electrolytes, en-zyme activities, bilirubin, creatinine, and total protein were determined in the serum. Sodium, potassium, and calcium were determined in an acetylene flame pho-tometer. Chloride was determined coulometrically and phosphorus photometrically (405 nm). All other serum parameters were analyzed using a Hitachi Autoana-lyzer, which works by photometric methods. The results for the blood sampies that were taken 10 min after the injection served as basic data. The other sampies were compared to those results and changes were statistically evaluated. Means (x), standard de-viations (± SD), and significance of differences (P) were calculated. RESULTS Only blood glucose showed highly sig-nificant changes (P = 0.001). The glucose values of the przewalski horses rose from 112 mgldl (10 min after injection) to 166 mgldl (30min after injection). In the same 144 KUTTNER AND WIESNER-BLOOD VALUES IN PRZEWALSKI HORSES AND ZEBRAS 145 Table 1. Blood values found in Przewalski horses (n = 20). 10 min postinjection 30 min postinjection x RBC (WO / /oLl) 8.9 Hemoglobin (mgldl) 15.5 Hematocrit (%) 43.7 MCV (/oLm 3) 51 MCHC (%) 35 MCH (pg) 18 WBC (l//oLl) 8,257 Lymphocytes, absolute (//oLl) 2,798 Lymphocytes, relative (%) 34 Segments, absolute (/ /oLl) 5,184 Segments, relative (%) 62 Chloride (mgldl) 94 Sodium (mmol/dl) 138 Calcium (mmol/dl) 3.0 Potassium (mmol/dl) 4.7 Phosphorus (mgldl) 4.7 Glucose (mgldl) 112 Bilirubin (mgldl) 0.98 Creatinine (mgldl) 1.12 GOT (lU/liter) 208 GPT (lU/liter) 8 AP (lU/liter) 355 LDH (lU/liter) 579 GLDH (lU/liter) 13 G-GT (lU/liter) 17 Cholinesterase (lU/liter) 7,245 Total protein (mgldl) 6.9 CK (lU/liter) 142 Urea (mgldl) 27 period the values for the zebras rose from 108 mgldl to 174 mgldl. Significant changes could be observed in hemoglobin (P = 0.037), red blood cells (P = 0.033), and hematocrit (P = 0.009). Each of these parameters decreased. The exact values can be seen in Tables 1 and 2. Even though the following values cannot be statistically proved, they may however show certain trends. Leucocytes, neutro-phils, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, to-tal protein, GOT, GPT, and AP decreased slightly in horses as well as in zebras. In horses the relative lymphocytes showed a strong rise between 10 and 20 min after injection and remained constant between 20 and 30 min after injection, but the zebra values fell slightly from 10 to 20 min after injection and rose from 20 to 30 min after injection. The values ofthe relative neutro-±SD x ±SD 0.9 7.9 1.3 1.7 13.8 2.1 3.7 39.5 4.4 8 49 7 2 35 2 2 17 1 1,684 7,871 1,498 809 3,112 848 9 40 9 1,444 4,393 1,063 10 56 9 4 93 4 4 136 5 0.1 2.8 0.1 0.5 4.3 0.5 1.3 4.2 1.4 21 166 37 0.36 0.87 0.27 0.29 1.05 0.37 49 193 33 3 6 2 133 323 113 141 540 130 12 11 9 6 17 7 1,118 7,313 850 1 6.4 1.2 54 141 64 18 25 20 phils showed exactly the opposite results. MCV, MCH and MCHC, total lympho-cytes, bilirubin, creatinine, chloride, so-dium, CK, G-GT, cholinesterase, and urea proved to be, to a large degree, unchanged by the immobilization. DISCUSSION The most distinct changes during anes-thesia could be observed in the red blood cells. The significant dec1ine ofhemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocrit can be ex-plained by the physiological reservoir ofthe spleen, which is highly developed in equines. Therefore they have 25% more circulating red blood cells during aperiod of agitation than they have in aperiod of relaxation. The dec1ine in this experiment is therefore based on the backflow of the erythrocytes to the spleen, which has c1eared its capacity 146 JOURNAL OF ZOO ANIMAL MEDICINE Table 2. Blood values found in zebras (n = 7). 10 min postinjection 30 min postinjection Je RBC (106/1'1) 9.1 Hemoglobin (mgldl) 15.7 Hematocrit (%) 45.3 MCV (Jtm3) 49 MCHC(%) 35 MCH (pg) 17 WBC (111'1) 8,850 Lymphocytes, absolute (/1'1) 2,864 Lymphocytes, relative (%) 34 Segments, absolute (/1'1) 5,678 Segments, relative (%) 63 Chloride (mgld1) 91 Sodium (mmol/dl) 137 Calcium (mmol/dl) 2.4 Potassium (mmol/dl) 4.3 Phosphorus (mgld1) 3.9 Glucose (mgldl) 108 Bilirubin (mgldl) l.l Creatinine (mgldl) 1.84 GOT (lU/liter) 222 GPT (lU/liter) 12 AP (lU/liter) 190 LDH (lU/liter) 635 GLDH (lU/liter) 17 G-GT (lU/liter) 25 Cholinesterase (lU/liter) 3,064 Total protein (mgldl) 6.9 CK (lU/liter) 70 Urea (mgldl) 32 during the period of excitation. It is possible that this explanation also accounts for the slight drop in leucocytes. Urea showed slight individual changes. All other parameters showed a clear (potassium, calcium, phos-phorus, total protein, GOT, GPT, AP, LDH, GLDH) to slight (bilirubin, creatinine, chlo-ride, sodium, CK, G-GT, cholinesterase) tendency to decrease. The uniform decreas-ing trend of the different parameters is to be interpreted as an extravasal fluid shift, which means a dilution of the blood with the anesthesia working as an unspecific stimulus. CONCLUSION The important changes happen in the cor-puscular part ofthe blood as weH as in blood glucose. However, even though the changes are significant, the physiological variances ±SD Je ±SD 0.9 7.9 1.1 2.6 13.8 2.3 5.5 39.4 5.7 4 47 4 3 35 3 I 16 I 2,127 7,121 1,015 578 3,104 678 II 42 10 2,245 4,398 1,426 12 57 7 4 90 7 5 136 2 0.2 2.2 0.2 0.8 3.6 0.5 0.9 3.6 0.9 32 174 42 0.78 1.03 0.72 0.17 1.79 0.25 93 202 79 14 II 12 57 175 51 220 579 204 36 13 21 20 23 17 1,324 2,741 1,183 0.4 6.4 0.4 56 61 46 12 31 II are larger than the increase or decline of the values between the three intervals. Only in blood glucose are there no overlaps of stan-dard deviations between 10, 20, and 30 min after injection. The changes in the other pa-rameters are smaller than the physiologie variances known from domesticated horses. Blood values taken under narcosis, which differ from reference values, do not change because ofthe immobilizing drugs but rath-er show pathologie changes. Excluded are the values of red blood ceHs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glucose, which changed sig-nificantly during the 30-min experiment. PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN TEXT a. Immobilon ®, Reckitt & Coleman. b. Xylazine, Bayer. c. Revivon ®, Reckitt & Coleman. d. Teststrips, Fa. Merck. KUTTNER AND WIESNER- BLOOD VALUES IN PRZEW ALSKI HORSES AND ZEBRAS 147 REFERENCES 1. Bentley, K. W.: New potent analgesics in the morphine series. Proceedings of the Chemical Society ofLondon 220: 220, 1963. 2. Booklet for Immobilon ®. Fa. Reckitt & Cole-man. 3. Gatesman, T.: Immobilization of polar and brown bears using etorphine and xylazine. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 13: 1I-18, 1982. ANNOUNCEMENTS ASSOCIATION OF AVIAN VETERINARIANS The Association of A vian Veterinarians Annual Conference will be held 26 September through I Oc-tober 1988 at the Adams Mark Hotel, Houston, Texas. For further information contact Sylvia Komelsen, AA V Conference Office, 1625 S. Birch, Suite 106, Denver, Colorado 80222, (303) 756-8380. Call Jor papers: The Association of Avian Veteri-narians is accepting proposals for clinically oriented case reports, comprehensive reviews, or wet labs on avian medical or surgical topics. Material must be orig-inal and previously unpublished. Papers will be pre-sented 26 September through 1 October 1988 in Hous-ton, Texas. Send brief abstract to AA V Conference Office, 1625 S. Birch, Suite 106, Denver, Colorado 80222, (303) 756-8380. Deadline: 1 March 1988. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ZOOWGICAL MEDICINE The next certification examination of the American College of Zoologica1 Medicine will be offered on 4-5 4. Graham-Jones, 0.: Restraint and anesthesia of some captive wild animals. Veterinary Record 76: 1216, 1964. 5. Hanusch, H.-G.: Tierexperimentelle Untersuch-ungen über Zusammenhänge zwischen Blutbild und Narkose. Berlin-Ost, 1971. November 1988 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, before the annual meeting ofthe American Association ofZoo Veterinarians. Each applicant must be a graduate of an A VMA-accredited veterinary school and be a li-censed veterinarian. Applicants who have completed an ACZM-approved postgraduate training program must have at least 5 years experience, 100% zoologica1 medicine or its equivalent. The applicant must be se-nior author on at least six publications in the field. The certification examination will be comprehensive, cov-ering all aspects of veterinary medicine relating to a broad range of animal groups including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Completed applications, with fees and supporting materials, must be received no later than 1 June 1988. For application forms and specific qualification requirements, contact Dr. Lynd-say G. Phillips, ACZM Secretary, Department of An-imal Health, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008. 

For further information contact Sylvia Komelsen,

H.-G.: Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über Zusammenhänge zwischen Blutbild und Narkose.

Immobilization of polar and brown bears using etorphine and xylazine.

New potent analgesics in the morphine series.

papers: The Association of Avian Veterinarians is accepting proposals for clinically oriented case reports, comprehensive reviews, or wet labs on avian medical or surgical topics. Material must be original and previously unpublished.

The next certification examination of the American College of Zoologica1 Medicine will be offered on 4-5 4. Graham-Jones, 0.: Restraint and anesthesia of some captive wild animals.

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Changes of blood values in Przewalski Horses (Equus Przewalski Przewalski) and Zebras (Equus Zebra Hartmannae)

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