Brand, A.

Cornelisse, J. L.

Döpfer, D.

Klee, Wolfgang

Koopmans, A.

Meijer, F. A.

Schukken, Y. H.

English

Open Access LMU

E I G H T H SYMPOSIUM ON DISORDERS O F T H E RUMINANT DIGIT A N D INTERNATIONAL C O N F E R E N C E ON B O V I N E L A M E N E S S Program Proceedings and Abstracts B A N F F , C A N A D A 1994 A Continuing Veterinary Education Program of The university of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Sask, S7N 0W0 Canada 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS X In ternat iona l terminology of digital disease 25 A. D. Weaver T r a u m a induced lameness i n feedlot cattle 29 E.K. Leitch The pathology of d ig i ta l disease 30 P. Ossent and C.J. Lischer Use of image analysis in studies of lesions of the sole and white 32 l ine i n cattle K.A. Leach, S.A. Kempson, D.N. Logue, and J.M. Randall Diagnostic radiology of the bovine foot 33 • The state of the a r t today • The aging of the distal phalanx: radiographic changes U. Bargai The diagnostic value of ultrasonography i n bovine l imb disorders 38 Kofler Lameness in dairy cows: incidence in Argent ina 40 B. Rutter Toxic and infectious causes of lameness in cattle and game 41 species in Southern A f r i c a S.R. van Amstel Eco-pathological study of lameness in dairies in Tehran area, 47 I r a n /. Nowrouzian and G.R. Shokri \ Frequency of claw diseases in apparently healthy animals 48 ^ B. Zemljic 17 Page Bacter ia l etiology of diseases i n the foot rot complex: recent 51 research and nomenclature changes J.N. Berg, J . L . Gradin, and A.D. Weaver Lameness, a constraint to small holder da i ry cattle product ion i n 52 developing countries: an overview on East A f r i c a M.N. Mgasa Bovine lameness - a cell cul ture approach 53 K.A.K. Hendry, M.J. Lancelott, C.H. Knight, S.A. Kempson, and C.J. Wilde Bovine toe abscesses 54 D. W. Miskimins TREATMENT Treatment of specific d ig i ta l lesions 58 C. Bergsten Effect of long-term administrat ion of bovine somatotropin on 68 lameness and l imb lesions i n da iry cows S.J. Wells, A.M. Trent, R.J. Collier, and W.J. Cole Treatment of bovine lameness w i t h metacresolsulphonic acid 69 B. Rutter Evaluation of diclofenac sodium and synovial f l u i d t ransplant f o r 70 treatment of aseptic a r t h r i t i s in bovines Μ. Singh, J.M. Nigam, S.K. Sharma, and A.C. Varshney P r e l i m i n a r y observations on the application of cowslips as 71 adjunct to treatment of lameness in dairy cows J.K. Shearer andJ.B. Elliott Treatment of bone and j o i n t infections 72 A.M. Trent 18 Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in bovine synovial f l u i d fo l lowing intravenous regional injection H. Gagon, J.G. Ferguson, M.G. Papich, and J. V. Bailey SURGERY Structure and funct ion of the digit P.R. Greenough Responsible pa in management A. Livingston Alternatives to amputation in the bovine digit J.G. Ferguson GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS Feet and leg t ra i t s of da iry cattle B. T. McDaniel Conformation of beef cattle P.R. Greenough Hock conformation of da iry heifers in two management systems /./. Vermunt Genetic improvement of claw and leg traits O.Distl Breed differences in pressure distributions underneath claws of dairy cattle O.Distl and C. Hubert DIGITAL DERMATITIS Dig i ta l dermatit is CM. Mortellaro 19 I n t e r d i g i t a l causes of lameness KW. Biowey Page 142 Risk factors i n the development of d ig i ta l dermatit is in dairies in 155 T e h r a n area, I r a n /. Nowrouzian Papillomatous d ig i ta l dermatit is and associated lesions of dairy 156 cattle i n Ca l i f o rn ia : pathologic f indings D.H. Read and R . L . Walker Papillomatous d ig i ta l dermatit is of da iry cattle in Ca l i f orn ia : 159 c l in ica l characteristics D.H. Read and R . L . Walker C u r r e n t investigations into the cause of dermatit is digitalis in 164 cattle B. Zemljic Studies on the pathogenesis and control of d ig i ta l dermatit is 168 RW.Blowey D i g i t a l dermat i t i s : f u r t h e r contributions on cl inical and 174 pathological aspects i n some herds in Nor thern I ta ly G. Scavia, G. Sironi, CM. Mortellaro, and S. Romussi P r e l i m i n a r y report on the onset and evolution of d ig i ta l skin 177 diseases in a group of 32 heifers CM. Mortellaro, S. Romussi, G. Scavia Epidemiological investigations of d ig i ta l dermatit is i n Dutch 180 da i ry cattle D. Döpfer, A. Koopmans, F.A. Meijer, Y.H. Schukken, A. Brand, W. Klee, and J . L . Cornelisse P r e l i m i n a r y results f rom a spray application of Oxytetracycline 182 to t r e a t , control and prevent d ig i ta l dermatit is in dairy herds J.K. Shearer andJ.B. Elliott 20 Excessive dietary prote in as the cause of herd outbreaks of " M o r t e l l a r o disease" U. Bargai The min imal solution footbath - an aid to treatment of d ig i ta l dermatit is W.R. Ward EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LAMENESS I n search of an epidemiologic approach to investigating bovine lameness problems P.R. Green ough and J.J. Vermunt Recent studies on the epidemiology of lameness W.R. Ward Correlations of locomotion and body and claw tra i ts w i t h regard to production in da i ry cattle D. Boelling A survey of d ig i ta l dermatit is treatment regimes used by veterinarians i n England and Wales P.D. Graham LAMINITIS Theories on the pathogenesis of bovine laminit is P. Ossent and C.J. Lischer Bovine laminit is (diffuse aseptic pododermatitis) c l inical and pathological f indings K. Mortensen Correlation of laminit is and f e r t i l i t y D.W.Collick Predisposing causes of laminit is /./. Vermunt 21 Page Prevalence of lesions of subclinical laminit is in f i r s t lactation 259 cows f r o m high production Ohio Holstein herds R.H. Smilie, K.H Hoblet, W.P. Weiss, M.L. Eastridge, D.M. Rings, and G. L . Schnitkey A scoring system to evaluate lesions associated w i t h subclinical 260 l a m i n i t i s i n high production Ohio Holstein herds. R.H. Smilie, K.H Hoblet, W.P. Weiss, M.L. Eastridge, D.M. Rings, and G.L. Schnitkey Prevalence and severity of lesions associated w i t h subclinical 262 lamin i t i s i n heifers and cows i n confinement and pastured Ohio Holste in herds R.H. Smilie, K.H. Hoblet, W.P. Weiss, M.L. Eastridge, D.M. Rings, and G.L. Schnitkey Pathophysiological studies in da iry cattle affected w i t h 264 subcl inical laminit is Ch. Stanek, F. Brandejsky, and M. Schuh Lesions of the hoof in f i rst -calv ing dairy heifers 272 D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, K.A. Leach, S.A. Kempson, andJ.M. Randall Relationship of diet, hoof type and locomotion score w i t h lesions 273 of the sole and white l ine i n dairy cattle. D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, and J. Hyslop Lesions of the foot and u l t rastructure of the white l ine in relation 274 to lameness in da iry cattle D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, and S.A Kempson MANAGEMENT The impact of a lameness management programme 275 /./. Vermunt and M.E. Smart Effect of overcrowded housing conditions on foot lesion 299 development in f irst-calved Friesian heifers F. Leonard, J. O'Connell, andK. O'Farrell 22 Page The role of stockmanship in foot lameness in U K dairy cattle 301 W.R. Ward The measurement of behaviour of U K dairy cattle by 24-hour 303 observations W.R. Ward Biomechanics of da i ry cows; effects of housing and grazing 305 A.H. Herlin Does the claw t r i m m i n g procedure affect m i l k yield and m i l k 306 qual i ty factors? Ch. Stanek, M.-M. Thonhausen and G. Schoder Some housing and management considerations relevant to da iry 318 cow wel fare and stress related lameness /. Cermak Environmenta l control of lamini t i s i n dairy cows 327 L.C. Allen stein Functional t r i m m i n g 328 E. Toussaint Raven General management of claw lameness 332 A. Brizzi Claw t r i m m i n g and claw lesions 336 A. Brizzi NUTRITION N u t r i t i o n a l factors associated w i t h lameness 345 W.R Ward The role of trace minerals i n bovine lameness 355 A.B. Johnson and L.M. Schugel M i n e r a l and selected v i tamin n u t r i t i o n related to lameness 363 AT. JE. Smart 23 N u t r i t i o n , rumen environment and laminit is R.D. Shaver Page 384 POSTERS Sequestration of the pedal bone and septic tenosinovitis fo l lowing n/a t raumat ic pododermatitis A. Shakespeare Histopathological f indings of the digits in dairy cows in Japan 397 M. Mochizuki and N. Sasaki A l ight and scanning electron microscopic study of the epidermis 398 i n the region of a sole ulcer in a dairy cow K.A. Leach, S.A. Kempson, and D.N. Logue Treatment of serious claw diseases at the clinic for ruminants 399 L j u b l j a n a , Slovenia T. Zadnik, T. Modic, and I. Jazbec Microvascularization of the cattle digit 400 T. Nasu, K. Kitazaki, M. Nakai, andH. Ogawa 24 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF DIGITAL DERMATITIS IN DUTCH DAIRY CATTLE D. DOpfer ' , A. Koopmans , F.A. Meljer , Y.H, Schukken , 1 3 ? A. Brand , W, Klee , J.L. Cornellsse 1 Dept. of Herd Health and Reproduction U n i v e r s i t e i t Utrecht Netherlands 2 Dept. of Bacteriology U n i v e r s i t e i t Utrecht Netherlands 3 Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover Fed. Rep. of Germany The p i c t u r e of d i g i t a l d e r m a t i t i s seems to have changed s i n c e 1974, moving towards milder, l e s s p a i n f u l , and dryer forms (MORTELLARO 1985). I n c r e a s i n g l y hyperkeratotic processes can be observed, leading to c h r o n i c a l s t a t e s of disease with recurrence (CHELI 1986, MERKENS et a l . 1992). I n the present study a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system for l e s i o n s caused by d i g i t a l d e r m a t i t i s has been developed. I n order to study the dynamics of the course of di s e a s e the evolution of s k i n l e s i o n s from normal s k i n to the t y p i c a l u l c e r a t i o n s and v i c e v e r s a was studied. E a r l y , t y p i c a l , h ealing and suspect cases were d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . A q u a n t i t a t i v e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system was developed i n order to compare the severeness of conditions i n the bovine d i g i t and to s t a n d a r i s e the d e s c r i p t i o n of signs recorded i n a l o n g i t u d i n a l c r o s s s e c t i o n a l study with multiple follow-up periods. T h i s scoring system allows a q u a n t i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n of the course of dise a s e both on the i n d i v i d u a l and group l e v e l . Applying epidemiological methods, r i s k i n d i c a t o r s for disease i n the two study groups (2x45 Dutch da i r y cows followed for 4 and 11 months r e s p e c t i v e l y ) have been described. The gross c l i n i c a l findings of t h i s and other s t u d i e s were compared to h i s t o l o g i c a l findings using s i l v e r s t a i n s for spirochaetes and an 180 immunofluorescence t e s t for Campylobacter f a e c a l l s applied to smears of wound exudate. The present c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and scoring systems promote a standardised d i s c u s s i o n of the signs of disea s e and are a co n t r i b u t i o n to the disentanglement of t h i s complex d i g i t a l d i s e a s e with unknown etio l o g y and economic importance. L i t e r a t u r e : CHELI, R., and CM. MORTELLARO (1986): D i g i t a l Dermatitis today and tomorrow, i n : 5th I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant D i g i t , Dublin, I r e l a n d 1986. P r o c , p. 8-13. Weaver, A.D. ( e d i t o r ) , College of Veterin a r y Medicine, U n i v e r s i t y of Missouri, Columbia/USA. MERKENS, H.W., H.R. SUICHIES, E.N. NOORDHUIZEN-STASSEN, and T.G.J.M. LAM (1992): Dermatitis d i g i t a l i s ? The e f f e c t of treatment i n c h r o n i c a l l y contaminated farm. i n : 7th I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Disorders of the Ruminant D i g i t , Rebild Denmark 1992, P r o c , ( press) MORTELLARO, CM., R. CHELI, Ε. TOUSSAINT RAVEN, and J.L. CORNELISSE (1985): Dermatitis d i g i t a l i s b i j het rund. Pro V e t e r i n a r i o , 3, p. 11. 181 

Epidemiological investigations of digital dermatitis in dutch dairy cattle.

Universität München: Elektronischen Publikationen

E I G H T H SYMPOSIUM 
ON 
DISORDERS 
O F T H E RUMINANT DIGIT 
A N D 
INTERNATIONAL C O N F E R E N C E 
ON 
B O V I N E L A M E N E S S 
Program 
Proceedings and Abstracts 
B A N F F , C A N A D A 
1994 
A Continuing Veterinary Education Program 
of 
The university of Saskatchewan 
Saskatoon, Sask, S7N 0W0 Canada 
1 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Page 
ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS 
X In ternat iona l terminology of digital disease 25 
A. D. Weaver 
T r a u m a induced lameness i n feedlot cattle 29 
E.K. Leitch 
The pathology of d ig i ta l disease 30 
P. Ossent and C.J. Lischer 
Use of image analysis in studies of lesions of the sole and white 32 
l ine i n cattle 
K.A. Leach, S.A. Kempson, D.N. Logue, and J.M. Randall 
Diagnostic radiology of the bovine foot 33 
• The state of the a r t today 
• The aging of the distal phalanx: radiographic 
changes 
U. Bargai 
The diagnostic value of ultrasonography i n bovine l imb disorders 38 
Kofler 
Lameness in dairy cows: incidence in Argent ina 40 
B. Rutter 
Toxic and infectious causes of lameness in cattle and game 41 
species in Southern A f r i c a 
S.R. van Amstel 
Eco-pathological study of lameness in dairies in Tehran area, 47 
I r a n 
/. Nowrouzian and G.R. Shokri 
\ Frequency of claw diseases in apparently healthy animals 48 
^ B. Zemljic 
17 
Page 
Bacter ia l etiology of diseases i n the foot rot complex: recent 51 
research and nomenclature changes 
J.N. Berg, J . L . Gradin, and A.D. Weaver 
Lameness, a constraint to small holder da i ry cattle product ion i n 52 
developing countries: an overview on East A f r i c a 
M.N. Mgasa 
Bovine lameness - a cell cul ture approach 53 
K.A.K. Hendry, M.J. Lancelott, C.H. Knight, 
S.A. Kempson, and C.J. Wilde 
Bovine toe abscesses 54 
D. W. Miskimins 
TREATMENT 
Treatment of specific d ig i ta l lesions 58 
C. Bergsten 
Effect of long-term administrat ion of bovine somatotropin on 68 
lameness and l imb lesions i n da iry cows 
S.J. Wells, A.M. Trent, R.J. Collier, and W.J. Cole 
Treatment of bovine lameness w i t h metacresolsulphonic acid 69 
B. Rutter 
Evaluation of diclofenac sodium and synovial f l u i d t ransplant f o r 70 
treatment of aseptic a r t h r i t i s in bovines 
Μ. Singh, J.M. Nigam, S.K. Sharma, and A.C. Varshney 
P r e l i m i n a r y observations on the application of cowslips as 71 
adjunct to treatment of lameness in dairy cows 
J.K. Shearer andJ.B. Elliott 
Treatment of bone and j o i n t infections 72 
A.M. Trent 
18 
Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in bovine synovial f l u i d fo l lowing 
intravenous regional injection 
H. Gagon, J.G. Ferguson, M.G. Papich, and J. V. Bailey 
SURGERY 
Structure and funct ion of the digit 
P.R. Greenough 
Responsible pa in management 
A. Livingston 
Alternatives to amputation in the bovine digit 
J.G. Ferguson 
GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS 
Feet and leg t ra i t s of da iry cattle 
B. T. McDaniel 
Conformation of beef cattle 
P.R. Greenough 
Hock conformation of da iry heifers in two management systems 
/./. Vermunt 
Genetic improvement of claw and leg traits 
O.Distl 
Breed differences in pressure distributions underneath claws of 
dairy cattle 
O.Distl and C. Hubert 
DIGITAL DERMATITIS 
Dig i ta l dermatit is 
CM. Mortellaro 
19 
I n t e r d i g i t a l causes of lameness 
KW. Biowey 
Page 
142 
Risk factors i n the development of d ig i ta l dermatit is in dairies in 155 
T e h r a n area, I r a n 
/. Nowrouzian 
Papillomatous d ig i ta l dermatit is and associated lesions of dairy 156 
cattle i n Ca l i f o rn ia : pathologic f indings 
D.H. Read and R . L . Walker 
Papillomatous d ig i ta l dermatit is of da iry cattle in Ca l i f orn ia : 159 
c l in ica l characteristics 
D.H. Read and R . L . Walker 
C u r r e n t investigations into the cause of dermatit is digitalis in 164 
cattle 
B. Zemljic 
Studies on the pathogenesis and control of d ig i ta l dermatit is 168 
RW.Blowey 
D i g i t a l dermat i t i s : f u r t h e r contributions on cl inical and 174 
pathological aspects i n some herds in Nor thern I ta ly 
G. Scavia, G. Sironi, CM. Mortellaro, and S. Romussi 
P r e l i m i n a r y report on the onset and evolution of d ig i ta l skin 177 
diseases in a group of 32 heifers 
CM. Mortellaro, S. Romussi, G. Scavia 
Epidemiological investigations of d ig i ta l dermatit is i n Dutch 180 
da i ry cattle 
D. Döpfer, A. Koopmans, F.A. Meijer, Y.H. Schukken, 
A. Brand, W. Klee, and J . L . Cornelisse 
P r e l i m i n a r y results f rom a spray application of Oxytetracycline 182 
to t r e a t , control and prevent d ig i ta l dermatit is in dairy herds 
J.K. Shearer andJ.B. Elliott 
20 
Excessive dietary prote in as the cause of herd outbreaks of 
" M o r t e l l a r o disease" 
U. Bargai 
The min imal solution footbath - an aid to treatment of d ig i ta l 
dermatit is 
W.R. Ward 
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LAMENESS 
I n search of an epidemiologic approach to investigating bovine 
lameness problems 
P.R. Green ough and J.J. Vermunt 
Recent studies on the epidemiology of lameness 
W.R. Ward 
Correlations of locomotion and body and claw tra i ts w i t h regard 
to production in da i ry cattle 
D. Boelling 
A survey of d ig i ta l dermatit is treatment regimes used by 
veterinarians i n England and Wales 
P.D. Graham 
LAMINITIS 
Theories on the pathogenesis of bovine laminit is 
P. Ossent and C.J. Lischer 
Bovine laminit is (diffuse aseptic pododermatitis) c l inical and 
pathological f indings 
K. Mortensen 
Correlation of laminit is and f e r t i l i t y 
D.W.Collick 
Predisposing causes of laminit is 
/./. Vermunt 
21 
Page 
Prevalence of lesions of subclinical laminit is in f i r s t lactation 259 
cows f r o m high production Ohio Holstein herds 
R.H. Smilie, K.H Hoblet, W.P. Weiss, M.L. Eastridge, 
D.M. Rings, and G. L . Schnitkey 
A scoring system to evaluate lesions associated w i t h subclinical 260 
l a m i n i t i s i n high production Ohio Holstein herds. 
R.H. Smilie, K.H Hoblet, W.P. Weiss, M.L. Eastridge, 
D.M. Rings, and G.L. Schnitkey 
Prevalence and severity of lesions associated w i t h subclinical 262 
lamin i t i s i n heifers and cows i n confinement and pastured Ohio 
Holste in herds 
R.H. Smilie, K.H. Hoblet, W.P. Weiss, M.L. Eastridge, 
D.M. Rings, and G.L. Schnitkey 
Pathophysiological studies in da iry cattle affected w i t h 264 
subcl inical laminit is 
Ch. Stanek, F. Brandejsky, and M. Schuh 
Lesions of the hoof in f i rst -calv ing dairy heifers 272 
D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, K.A. Leach, S.A. Kempson, 
andJ.M. Randall 
Relationship of diet, hoof type and locomotion score w i t h lesions 273 
of the sole and white l ine i n dairy cattle. 
D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, and J. Hyslop 
Lesions of the foot and u l t rastructure of the white l ine in relation 274 
to lameness in da iry cattle 
D.N. Logue, J.E. Offer, and S.A Kempson 
MANAGEMENT 
The impact of a lameness management programme 275 
/./. Vermunt and M.E. Smart 
Effect of overcrowded housing conditions on foot lesion 299 
development in f irst-calved Friesian heifers 
F. Leonard, J. O'Connell, andK. O'Farrell 
22 
Page 
The role of stockmanship in foot lameness in U K dairy cattle 301 
W.R. Ward 
The measurement of behaviour of U K dairy cattle by 24-hour 303 
observations 
W.R. Ward 
Biomechanics of da i ry cows; effects of housing and grazing 305 
A.H. Herlin 
Does the claw t r i m m i n g procedure affect m i l k yield and m i l k 306 
qual i ty factors? 
Ch. Stanek, M.-M. Thonhausen and G. Schoder 
Some housing and management considerations relevant to da iry 318 
cow wel fare and stress related lameness 
/. Cermak 
Environmenta l control of lamini t i s i n dairy cows 327 
L.C. Allen stein 
Functional t r i m m i n g 328 
E. Toussaint Raven 
General management of claw lameness 332 
A. Brizzi 
Claw t r i m m i n g and claw lesions 336 
A. Brizzi 
NUTRITION 
N u t r i t i o n a l factors associated w i t h lameness 345 
W.R Ward 
The role of trace minerals i n bovine lameness 355 
A.B. Johnson and L.M. Schugel 
M i n e r a l and selected v i tamin n u t r i t i o n related to lameness 363 
AT. JE. Smart 
23 
N u t r i t i o n , rumen environment and laminit is 
R.D. Shaver 
Page 
384 
POSTERS 
Sequestration of the pedal bone and septic tenosinovitis fo l lowing n/a 
t raumat ic pododermatitis 
A. Shakespeare 
Histopathological f indings of the digits in dairy cows in Japan 397 
M. Mochizuki and N. Sasaki 
A l ight and scanning electron microscopic study of the epidermis 398 
i n the region of a sole ulcer in a dairy cow 
K.A. Leach, S.A. Kempson, and D.N. Logue 
Treatment of serious claw diseases at the clinic for ruminants 399 
L j u b l j a n a , Slovenia 
T. Zadnik, T. Modic, and I. Jazbec 
Microvascularization of the cattle digit 400 
T. Nasu, K. Kitazaki, M. Nakai, andH. Ogawa 
24 
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF DIGITAL DERMATITIS 
IN DUTCH DAIRY CATTLE 
D. DOpfer ' , A. Koopmans , F.A. Meljer , Y.H, Schukken , 
1 3 ? 
A. Brand , W, Klee , J.L. Cornellsse 
1 Dept. of Herd Health and Reproduction 
U n i v e r s i t e i t Utrecht 
Netherlands 
2 Dept. of Bacteriology 
U n i v e r s i t e i t Utrecht 
Netherlands 
3 Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover 
Fed. Rep. of Germany 
The p i c t u r e of d i g i t a l d e r m a t i t i s seems to have 
changed s i n c e 1974, moving towards milder, l e s s 
p a i n f u l , and dryer forms (MORTELLARO 1985). 
I n c r e a s i n g l y hyperkeratotic processes can be observed, 
leading to c h r o n i c a l s t a t e s of disease with recurrence 
(CHELI 1986, MERKENS et a l . 1992). 
I n the present study a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system for 
l e s i o n s caused by d i g i t a l d e r m a t i t i s has been 
developed. I n order to study the dynamics of the 
course of di s e a s e the evolution of s k i n l e s i o n s from 
normal s k i n to the t y p i c a l u l c e r a t i o n s and v i c e v e r s a 
was studied. E a r l y , t y p i c a l , h ealing and suspect 
cases were d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . 
A q u a n t i t a t i v e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system was 
developed i n order to compare the severeness of 
conditions i n the bovine d i g i t and to s t a n d a r i s e the 
d e s c r i p t i o n of signs recorded i n a l o n g i t u d i n a l c r o s s 
s e c t i o n a l study with multiple follow-up periods. 
T h i s scoring system allows a q u a n t i t a t i v e 
e v a l u a t i o n of the course of dise a s e both on the 
i n d i v i d u a l and group l e v e l . Applying epidemiological 
methods, r i s k i n d i c a t o r s for disease i n the two study 
groups (2x45 Dutch da i r y cows followed for 4 and 11 
months r e s p e c t i v e l y ) have been described. 
The gross c l i n i c a l findings of t h i s and other 
s t u d i e s were compared to h i s t o l o g i c a l findings using 
s i l v e r s t a i n s for spirochaetes and an 
180 
immunofluorescence t e s t for Campylobacter f a e c a l l s 
applied to smears of wound exudate. 
The present c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and scoring systems 
promote a standardised d i s c u s s i o n of the signs of 
disea s e and are a co n t r i b u t i o n to the disentanglement 
of t h i s complex d i g i t a l d i s e a s e with unknown etio l o g y 
and economic importance. 
L i t e r a t u r e : 
CHELI, R., and CM. MORTELLARO (1986): 
D i g i t a l Dermatitis today and tomorrow, 
i n : 5th I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Disorders of 
the Ruminant D i g i t , Dublin, I r e l a n d 1986. P r o c , 
p. 8-13. Weaver, A.D. ( e d i t o r ) , College of 
Veterin a r y Medicine, U n i v e r s i t y of Missouri, 
Columbia/USA. 
MERKENS, H.W., H.R. SUICHIES, E.N. NOORDHUIZEN-
STASSEN, and T.G.J.M. LAM (1992): 
Dermatitis d i g i t a l i s ? The e f f e c t of treatment i n 
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Epidemiological investigations of digital dermatitis in dutch dairy cattle.

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