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On Ill-Conditioned Generalized Estimating Equations and Toward Unified Biased Estimation

Abstract

I address the issue of ill-conditioned regressors within generalized estimating equations (GEEs). In such a setting, standard GEE approaches can have problems with: convergence, large coefficient variances, poor prediction, deflated power of tests, and in some extreme cases, e.g. functional regressors, may not even exist. I modify the quasi-likelihood score functions, while presenting a variety of biased estimators that simultaneously address the issues of (severe) ill-conditioning and correlated response variables. To simplify the presentation, I attempt to unite or link these estimators as much as possible. Some properties, as well as some guidelines for choosing the meta or penalty parameters are suggested

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