We investigate the time-consistent mean–variance (MV) portfolio optimization problem, popular in investment–reinsurance and investment-only applications, under a realistic context that involves the simultaneous application of different types of investment constraints and modelling assumptions, for which a closed-form solution is not known to exist. We develop an efficient numerical partial differential equation method for determining the optimal control for this problem. Central to our method is a combination of (i) an impulse control formulation of the MV investment problem, and (ii) a discretized version of the dynamic programming principle enforcing a time-consistency constraint. We impose realistic investment constraints, such as no trading if insolvent, leverage restrictions and different interest rates for borrowing/lending. Our method requires solution of linear partial integro-differential equations between intervention times, which is numerically simple and computationally effective. The proposed method can handle both continuous and discrete rebalancings. We study the substantial effect and economic implications of realistic investment constraints and modelling assumptions on the MV efficient frontier and the resulting investment strategies. This includes (i) a comprehensive comparison study of the pre-commitment and time-consistent optimal strategies, and (ii) an investigation on the significant impact of a wealth-dependent risk aversion parameter on the optimal controls
