山内 健生

湯本 貴和

相場 慎一郎

辻野 亮

山内, 健生

2328

ヤマウチ, タケオ

相場, 慎一郎

1780

アイバ, シンイチロウ

辻野, 亮

1850

ツジノ, リョウ

湯本, 貴和

ユモト, タカカズ

Yamauchi, Takeo

2329

Aiba, Shin-ichiro

2010

Tsujino, Riyou

2327

Yumoto, Takakazu

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Repository

3.1. Effects of Forest Use on Biological Community Chapter 3   Changes in Insect Assemblages with Conversion from Old-Growth Evergreen Broadleaf Forests to Cryptomeria japonica  Plantations on Yakushima Island, Japan  Takeo Yamauchi1, Shin-ichiro Aiba2, Riyou Tsujino3, Takakazu Yumoto3 1Toyama Institute of Health, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan. 2Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan. 3Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan.  Introduction Recently, several studies have investigated the changes in insect assemblages after conversion from natural or secondary forests to plantations of conifers (primarily Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica, and hinoki cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa) in the temperate deciduous forests of Japan (e.g., Inada et al., 2006; Maeto & Makihara, 1999; Makino et al., 2007; Sayama et al., 2005; Sueyoshi et al., 2003). However, changes in insect communities in systems other than temperate deciduous forests in Japan have been less thoroughly examined (but see Maeto et al., 2002; Mizota & Imasaka, 1997). Thus, there is little information regarding shifts in insect assemblages in response to the conversion of evergreen broadleaf forests in Japan. We examined the responses of insect assemblages to the conversion of an evergreen broadleaf forest to a C. japonica plantation. We compared the abundance and diversity of seven insect groups (tiger beetles, clerid beetles, longicorn beetles, leaf beetles, elephant beetles other than Curculionidae, hoverflies, and wasps) collected in old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests and C. japonica plantations in the lowlands on Yakushima Island, Japan.   Materials & Methods 1) Study sites The study sites were located in lowland forests (150-250 m above sea level) on Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. We selected two plantations of C. japonica (approximately 40 years old) in each of the eastern and western regions of the island and two old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests situated near the two plantations (Table 1). Each study site was located within a continuous stand at least 100 m from the boundaries of other forest types, although small patches of secondary stands of broadleaf forests were occasionally found in the vicinity of the plantations. Both old-growth sites are located in a National Forest, whereas both plantations are under private ownership. The forest floors of the plantations receive more light due to the process of tree thinning.  2) Sampling and identification Townes-type, white Malaise traps (1.8 x 1.8 x 1.8 m) were used to capture insects. Within each site, three traps were haphazardly set, and the maximum distance between traps was < 100 m. Trapped insects were collected monthly from July to December 2006 and from March to May 2007. A mixture of 70 % ethanol and ethylene 1523.1. Effects of Forest Use on Biological Community Chapter 3   glycol was added as a preservative to the insect containers in the traps. Collected insects were morphologically identified to species.  3) Target insect groups Five coleopteran groups [Tiger beetles (Cicindelidae), clerid beetles (Cleridae), longicorn beetles (Disteniidae and Cerambycidae), leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), and elephant beetles other than Curculionidae (Anthribidae, Brentidae, and Rhynchophoridae)], one dipteran group [hoverflies (Syrphidae)], and one hymenopteran group [wasps (Vespidae)] were examined. These insect groups consist of several functional feeding types. Tiger beetles, clerid beetles, and wasps are predators, whereas longicorn beetles, elephant beetles, and leaf beetles are herbivores. Adult hoverflies are pollen feeders (herbivores), and the larvae consist of two feeding types in the species examined: members of the subfamily Syrphinae are aphid-feeders (predators), and members of the subfamily Eristalinae are decayed-wood feeders (herbivores). We based guild assignment of hoverflies on larval feeding habits.  4) Data analyses Data for each taxonomic group were pooled for each site throughout the season, and species with sample sizes > 20 individuals were analyzed using chi-squared tests. Data were compared between the two forest types (all individuals collected in old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests versus C. japonica plantations). Expected values were calculated by multiplying the number of total captures for each species by 0.5, because the number of individuals of all target species combined was nearly identical between the two forest types. We calculated the logarithm of the inverse Simpson's index as an index of species diversity, as follows:   log (1/D) = log ∑ [N (N-1)] / [Ni (Ni-1)]    where N is the total number of individuals, and Ni is the number of individuals of the ith species.   Results & Discussion We collected 431 individuals of 51 species of target insect groups in the C. japonica plantations and 447 individuals of 76 species in the old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests (Table 2). Indices of species diversity calculated for each insect group were lower in the C. japonica plantations than in the old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests (Table 2). The total number of herbivorous species was much greater in the old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests (58 species) than in the C. japonica plantations (30 species). Herbivores depend directly on a wide variety of plants for food and shelter (Siemann, 1998). Therefore, the greater availability of more plant species in the old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests likely increased the species diversity of herbivores. In contrast, the total number of predator species did not significantly differ between the C. japonica plantation (21 species) and the old-growth evergreen broadleaf forest (18 species). These results suggest that the species diversity of predators was not greatly affected by the increased availability of plants in the old-growth evergreen broadleaf forest, because insect predators do not directly depend on a variety plants for food. The numbers of trapped individuals of Cicindela japonica, Stigmatium nakanei, Omadius nigromaculatus, Ceresium longicorne, Cryptocephalus perelegans, and Monolepta pallidula were significantly greater in the 1533.1. Effects of Forest Use on Biological Community Chapter 3   old-growth evergreen broadleaf forest than in the C. japonica plantations (Tables 3-6). The recorded host plants of C. longicorne and C. perelegans are primarily broadleaf trees and do not include Japanese cedar (Kimoto and Takizawa, 1994; Takeda, 2007). These six species include three predators, C. japonica, S. nakanei, and O. nigromaculatus; thus, some predators may indeed be affected by the conversion of old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests to C. japonica plantations. In contrast, the number of trapped individuals of Alticinae gen. sp., Sipalinus gigas, Episyrphus balteatus, and Chalcosyrphus frontalis were significantly greater in the C. japonica plantations than in the old-growth evergreen broadleaf forest (Tables 6-8). In addition, Milesia oshimaensis (28 individuals) were collected only in the C. japonica plantations (Table 8). Although the host plants of Alticinae gen. sp. and C. frontalis are unknown, the recorded host plants of S. gigas and M. oshimaensis include Japanese cedar (Ikezaki, 1976; Morimoto, 1984). Episyrphus balteatus is a predator that may indirectly depend on C. japonica. As has been previously recorded in temperate deciduous forests (e.g., Makino et al., 2007), our results indicate that the conversion of evergreen broadleaf forests to C. japonica plantations causes shifts in insect assemblages. Such conversions may lead to the impoverishment of insect herbivores. Insect predators may also be affected by the disappearance of evergreen broadleaf forests. However, several insect species were rarely collected in the evergreen broadleaf forests and may appear and/or increase explosively in the C. japonica plantations.  References Ikezaki Y (1976) Syrphidae from Tsushima. In: Nagasaki Biological Society (ed) Tsushima no Seibutsu (in Japanese). Nagasaki Biological Society, Nagasaki, pp 329-339 Inada T, Yunomura S, Maeto K (2006) The influence of forest management on the assemblage of longicorn beetles (in Japanese with English summary). J Jpn For Soc 88:446-455 Kimoto S, Takizawa H (1994) Leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) of Japan (in Japanese with English summary). Tokai University Press, Tokyo Maeto K, Makihara H (1999) Changes in insect assemblages with secondary succession of temperate deciduous forests after clear-cutting (in Japanese with English summary). Jpn J Entomol (NS) 2:11-16  Maeto K, Sato S, Miyata H (2002) Species diversity of longicorn beetles in humid warm-temperate forests: the impact of forest management practices on old-growth forest species in southwestern Japan. Biodiv Conserv 11:1919-1937 Makino S, Goto H, Hasegawa M, Okabe K, Tanaka H, Inoue T, Okochi I (2007) Degradation of longicorn beetle (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Disteniidae) fauna caused by conversion from broad-leaved to man-made conifer stands of Cryptomeria japonica (Taxodiaceae) in central Japan. Ecol Res 22:372-381 Mizota K, Imasaka S (1997) Comparison of flower-visiting beetle communities between natural and artificial forests in southern Kii Peninsula (in Japanese with English summary). Res Bull Hokkaido Univ For 54: 299-326 Morimoto K (1984) Rhynchophoridae. In Hayashi M (ed) The Coleoptera of Japan in color Vol. IV (in Japanese). Hoikusha, Osaka, pp 345-348 Sayama K, Makihara H, Inoue T, Okochi I (2005) Monitoring longicorn beetles in different forest types using collision traps baited with chemical attractants (in Japanese with English summary). Bull FFPRI 4:189-199 Siemann E (1998) Experimental tests of effects of plant productivity and diversity on grassland arthropod diversity. Ecology 79:2057-2070 Sueyoshi M, Maeto K, Makihara H, Makino S, Iwai T (2003) Changes in dipteran assemblages with secondary succession of temperate deciduous forests following clear-cutting (in Japanese with English summary). Bull FFPRI 2: 171-191  Takeda M (2007) Host plants. In: Ohbayashi N, Niisato T (eds) Longicorn beetles of Japan (in Japanese). Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp 683-773    1543.1. Effects of Forest Use on Biological Community Chapter 3   Table 1  Location and forest type of the investigated sites in Yakushima Island Site Forest type Site position Altitude (m)150220OEOWEastern partWestern part170250Old-growth evergreen broadleaf forestOld-growth evergreen broadleaf forestPlantation  of C. japonica  (40 yr.) Western partCE Plantation  of C. japonica  (40 yr.) Eastern partCW   Table 2  Comparisons of number of species, number of individuals, and diversity indices [logarithm of inverse Simpson's index, log(1/D)] between plantation of cedar and old-growth evergreen broadleaf forest in Yakushima Tiger beetles 1 5 0.00 2 47 0.20Clerid beetles 5 35 0.31 7 98 0.40Longicorn beetles 8 17 0.92 26 94 0.96Leaf beetles 8 145 0.12 12 123 0.76Elephant beetles 7 40 0.22 16 39 1.07Hoverflies 15 170 0.59 7 21 0.80Wasps 7 19 0.20 6 25 0.47All target groups combined 51 431 0.87 76 447 1.34No. ofspeciesPlantation  of cedar Old-growth evergreen broadleaf forestlog(1/D ) log(1/D )No. ofindividualsNo. ofspeciesNo. ofindividuals  Table 3  The number of tiger beetles collected with 3 Malaise traps in Yakushima χ2(CE+CW vs  OE+OW)CicindelidaeCicindela japonica 2 3 9 27 41 23.43*Therates alboobliquatus 1 10 11*P ＜0.001.TotalCE CW OE OW  Table 4  The number of clerid beetles collected with 3 Malaise traps in Yakushima χ2(CE+CW vs  OE+OW)CleridaeTillus igarashii 1 1Opilo carinatus 1 1 8 10Clerus postmaculatus 3 3Stigmatium pilosellum 1 1Stigmatium nakanei 2 22 25 34 83 14.75*Stigmatium igai 2 1 7 10Omadius nigromaculatus 6 16 1 23 5.26**Allochotes dichrous 2 2*P ＜0.001; **P ＜0.05.TotalCE CW OE OW    1553.1. Effects of Forest Use on Biological Community Chapter 3   Table 5  The number of longicorn beetles collected with 3 Malaise traps in Yakushima χ2(CE+CW vs  OE+OW)DisteniidaeDistenia gracilis gracilis 1 1CerambycidaeLepturinaeLeptura ochraceofasciata  ochraceofasciata 1 1 2CerambycinaeAllotraeus sphaerioninus 2 2Stenodryas clavigera clavigera 1 1?Ceresium holophaeum 6 6Ceresium longicorne 3 25 28 17.28*Ceresium  sp. 2 2Comusia testacea 1 1Stenhomalus nagaoi 1 1Artimpaza setigera japonica 1 1Cleomenes takiguchii 4 4Callidiellum rufipenne 2 2Xylotrechus emaciatus 4 10 5 19Perissus kiusiuensis kiusiuensis 1 3 4Chlorophorus quiquefasciatus 1 2 1 4Chlorophorus muscosus 1 4 5Demonax transillis 2 2Anaglyptus arakawae kumagensis 2 2Clytini gen. sp. 1 1LamiinaeMesosa longipennis 1 1Neosybra cribrella 1 1Sybra ordinata ordinata 3 3Pterolophia gibbosipennis subcristipennis 3 3?Pterolophia kyushuensis 1 1 2Uraecha bimaculata 1 2 2 5Xenicotela pardalina 1 1Mimectatina meridiana ohirai 1 3 4Rondibilis insularis 1 1Sciades fasciatus fasciatus 2 2*P ＜0.001OW TotalCE CW OE                  1563.1. Effects of Forest Use on Biological Community Chapter 3    Table 6  The number of leaf beetles collected with 3 Malaise traps in Yakushima χ2(CE+CW vs  OE+OW)ChrysomelidaeCryptocephalinaeCryptocephalus perelegans 1 5 21 27 23.14*EumolpinaeAcrothinium gaschkevitchii 5 8 13Basilepta hirayamai 1 4 5 10Trichochrysea okinawana 1 1Lypesthes fulvus 7 7?Lypesthes itoi 9 3 1 13Hyperaxis fasciata 2 2 5 9Demotina fasciculata 1 1Demotina  sp. 13 1 14GalerucinaeFleutiauxia armata 1 1?Monolepta pallidula 1 9 30 40 36.10*AlticinaeNonarthra cyanea 1 1?Nonarthra tibialis 1 1Alticinae gen. sp. 114 12 4 130 114.49**P ＜0.001.TotalCE CW OE OW  Table 7  The number of elephant beetles (excluging Curculionidae) collected with 3 Malaise traps in Yakushima χ2(CE+CW vs  OE+OW)AnthribidaeOzotomerus nigromaculatus 1 1Mecotropis kyushuensis 1 1Stiboderes impressus stibinus 1 1?Dendrotrogus japonicus 2 2Sintor bipunctatus 2 2Sympaector rugirostris 1 1Acorynus asanoi 2 5 3 10Litocerus kimurai 1 1Litocerus tokarensis insensibilis 1 1 2Litocerus multiguttatus 1 1 2?Phaulimia confinis 1 1Phaulimia aberrans 2 2Oxyderes fastigatus 1 2 3 6Aphaulimia debilis 1 2 4 7Habrissus unciferoides 3 2 2 7BrentidaeBaryrhynchus poweri 1 1RhynchophoridaeSipalinus gigas 31 1 32 28.12**P ＜0.001.OW TotalCE CW OE    1573.1. Effects of Forest Use on Biological Community Chapter 3   Table 8  The number of hoverflies collected with 3 Malaise traps in Yakushima χ2(CE+CW vs  OE+OW)SyrphidaeSyrphinae?Allograpta iavana 1 1Didea fasciata 1 1Episyrphus balteatus 42 25 3 4 74 48.64*?Ischiodon scutellaris 1 1?Parasyrphus aeneostoma 1 1?Syrphus torvus 1 1Allobaccha nubilipennis 3 3 6Baccha maculata 1 1Chrysotoxum sp. 1 1Platycheirus sp. 2 2 4Eristalinae?Eumerus japonicus 1 1 3 5?Mallota yakushimana 1 1Milesia oshimaensis 18 6 24Milesia undulata 1 3 4Takaomyia johannis 5 1 1 7Chalcosyrphus frontalis 25 23 3 51 39.70*Xylota sp. 6 2 8*P ＜0.001.TotalCE CW OE OW  Table 9  The number of wasps collected with 3 Malaise traps in Yakushima χ2(CE+CW vs  OE+OW)VespidaePolistes rothneyi 1 1Parapolybia indica 1 6 7Vespa mandarinia 2 1 3Vespa ducalis 2 1 1 4Vespa analis 1 2 1 4Vespa similima 1 1 3 9 14Vespula flaviceps 1 1Vespula shidai 1 9 10TotalCE CW OE OW  158

Changes in insect assemblages with conversion from old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests to Cryptomeria japonica plantations on Yakushima Island, Japan

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Changes in insect assemblages with conversion from old-growth evergreen broadleaf forests to Cryptomeria japonica plantations on Yakushima Island, Japan

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