Reinforced concrete (RC) is a good durable material that commonly used in construction compared to others. However, reinforced concrete structures may be damaged and are suffering from various deteriorations because of overloading and an inadequacy of design which may be attributed to cracks, spalling, large deflection, and more. Hence, it is essential to find repair and strengthening techniques of deteriorated concrete structures not only suitable in terms of the economy, but also to use them for their intended service life

Abdul Hamid, Noor Azlina

Ali, Noorwirdawati

Radzuan, Nurshafiqah

Salleh, Norhafizah

English

UTHM Institutional Repository

                                                                                                         1  Abstract— Since the jaundice disease first detected, there were increases in percentage every year with newborn babies usually on the second and third day. This disease caused by the abnormal bilirubin level in the blood. Jaundice is a condition in which a person's skin and the whites of the eyes are discolored yellow due to an increased level of bile pigments in the blood resulting from liver disease. Therefore, it is essential to detect this disease earlier to avoid more chronic disease in future. There are many ways to detect the jaundice that include one of the newborn screening (NBS) test which are by see the physical of baby and by measure the bilirubin level in baby’s blood. This paper presents a portable and economical bilirubin meter that successfully measure the bile pigments level via IR sensor. By using PIC microcontroller, the system effectively detects three conditions which are normal, mild and critical jaundice. The complete system is described and several methods including the best treatment are also outlined.      Keywords: Bilirubin meter, newborn screening, IR sensor, PIC microcontroller I. INTRODUCTION ABIES, sometimes, are not born normal or healthy due to various conditions occur. In most countries, these conditions can be detected through a certain test called Newborn screening (NBS) test. NBS is the process of screening newborn babies for metabolic disorders, genetic diseases, endocrine, treatable genetic, hematologic diseases or blood diseases [1][2]. It is also called Infant Screening Test, Neonatal Screening test [3] or Guthrie Test [4]. There are over 30 rare disorders can now be detected by this test and it is include the jaundice disease. There are various ways of detecting jaundice. According  This work was supported in part by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM).  Hafizon Baharuddin was with Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She is now with the Department of Research and Development, Agilent Technologies Sales (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, Penang Service Store. 17-G-6, Medan Kampung Relau. 1201 Piner Road, Bayan Point 11900 (corresponding author, phone: 013-7059542; e-mail: mienamie_hafiz233 @yahoo.com). Muhammad Suhaimi Sulong and Tasiransurini Ab Rahman is with the Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia (e-mail: msuhaimi; surini@uthm.edu.my). Ariffuddin Joret and Nurulhuda Ismail is with the Department of Communication Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia (e-mail: ariff; nhuda@uthm.edu.my). to [5], there are four steps to detect jaundice physically, before getting immediate medical assistance if symptoms exist. Firstly, check the skin for yellowish or brown staining. Press your finger gently on the face or nose. If the skin looks yellow where pressed, jaundice is likely. It is usually most notable in the face, but can also be detected on the chest, abdomen, arms and legs. Secondly, check the whites of the eyes for the same yellowish or brown staining. Thirdly, notice listlessness, sluggishness and difficultly waking. These can be signs of severe jaundice. Lastly, check the gums and inner lips for yellowish discoloration. This is especially important for people with darker skin color as yellowish discoloration may be harder to detect on skin. There is a non-invasive method which is Transcutaneous bilirubinometer (TcB) are used currently, where it measures the transcutaneous bilirubin level of the infants [6]. It is an alternative besides visual examination before getting blood tests, if needed. Furthermore, most hospitals use this meter as total bilirubin concentration; a useful tool to monitor neonatal jaundice [7]. Another method which provides accurate and promising results is through blood tests. In this test, there are procedures and steps to follow. In this paper, the bilirubin [8] detection via IR sensor was used at the second step of testing, which is after centrifugation process (having blood serum and corpuscle from the baby’s blood).   II. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT  The block diagram for the development of Infant Bilirubin Meter (IBM) is shown in figure 1. The input for PIC microcontroller is an infra red sensor which receives the lights that reflects from the sample. The light is passed through the sample inside the black box in order to have persistence of lights. The outputs are LCD display, LEDs (green and red) and buzzer that will demonstrate the condition of the disease.         Bile Pigments Detection via IR Sensor Hafizon Baharuddin, Muhammad Suhaimi Sulong, Ariffuddin Joret, Tasiransurini Ab Rahman, and Nurulhuda Ismail B     Proceedings of EnCon2010                                                                         3rd  Engineering Conference on Advancement in Mechanical and Manufacturing for Sustainable  Environment April 14-16, 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2   Figure 1: IBM Block Diagram Figure 2 shows the full schematic circuit used in this IBM which consist of power supply, sensor (LED and IR receiver) and microcontroller circuit (include LCD, LED and buzzer).   Figure 2: Full schematic circuit of IBM  III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS  The IBM measures bilirubin concentration by utilizing the entire spectrum of visible light (380 to 760 nm) reflected by the blood serum. This spectrum was received by the IR receiver sensor and sent to PIC microcontroller in voltage form. The PIC analyzed accordingly as in table 1 and the conditions applied are normal, mild and critical jaundice. In this study, the sample of blood serum is replaced by a yellow liquid with different concentration.  Table 1: Range of conditions  Condition Serum concentration Voltage range Normal 0< thick <10mg/dl 4V – 6V Mild 11< thick <19mg/dl 2V – 4V Critical Thick>20mg/dl 0V – 2V  The measurement had taken four times to ensure the results were accurate and reliable. Figure 3 indicates the voltage values in different concentration of sample that has been received from the IR sensor. This encouraging results has proven that IBM successfully specified all three jaundice condition.     Figure 3: Voltage in different concentration   Figure 4: Flowchart of output results  Referring to figure 4, the output of the IBM depends on the input of IR receiver sensor. The green LED will light up when PIC detects both normal and mild conditions. However, the red LED is for critical condition. A buzzer act as a warning alarm and it applied only to both mild and critical conditions. These conditions will appear at the LCD display including the range of bilirubin level.  The main and best treatment used to treat jaundice is phototherapy [9]. This treatment applied to both mild and critical condition. However, for the critical level, probably an exchange blood transfusions may occur depends on the age and health status of the newborn [10][11]. High level of bilirubin can be affected the hearing and baby brain [12]. There are also other ways of treatment for the mild level, which is leaving babies in the early morning sunlight for an hour. But, it is unadvisable to expose to the direct sunlight for prolonged period where it might get sunburn [9].  There are also an alternative treatment for this disease which is through natural home remedies [11][13]. Normally, it helps to prevent the disease for early discharged infants and moreover, it usually uses traditional way which has been practice for a long time ago.                                                                                                          3 IV. CONCLUSION  Severe diseases usually attack most of newborn babies, depending on health status in current state. In fact, jaundice disease is one of the most occur within days after born due to high level of bilirubin in blood. Therefore, a system that detects the bile pigments via IR sensor has been developed. The results successfully indicates the three conditions of jaundice; normal, mild and critical level. The IBM is said to be economical and portable tool as to be a reliable machine for future development especially in medical field.  REFERENCES [1] B. A. Tarini, “The current revolution in newborn screening – new technologies, old controversies,” Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med., vol. 161(8), pp. 767–772, Aug. 2007. [2] A. Kayton, “Newborn screening: a literature review,” Neonatal network: NN, vol. 26 (2), pp. 85–95, Mar-Apr 2007. [3] D. Rauch and D. Zieve. (2009, Nov). Newborn screening tests – overview. Available: http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/007257.htm  [4] Department of Health, WA Newborn Screening Program, Government of Western Australia, 2009. [5] K. E. Shipman. (2009). How to detect jaundice. Available: http://www.ehow.com/how_5087003_detect-jaundice.html  [6] G. Bertini and FF. Rubaltelli, “Non-invasive bilirubinometry in neonatal jaundice,” Semin Neonatal, vol. 7 (2), pp. 129-133, Apr. 2002. [7] FF. Rubaltelli et. al, “Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement: A multicenter evaluation of a new device,” Pediatrics, vol. 107 (6), pp. 1264-1271, jun 2001. [8] Lab Tests Online. (2008, May). Bilirubin. Available: http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/bilirubin/  [9] Birth.com.au. (2009). Observing your baby-jaundice meters. Available: http://birth.com.au/Jaundice/Observing-your-baby-Jaundice-meters.aspx#p  [10] M. Gómez, C. Bielza, JA. Fernández del Pozo, S. Ríos-Insua, "A graphical decision-theoretic model for neonatal jaundice". Med Decis Making, vol. 27 (3), pp. 250–265, 2007. [11] Home-Remedies-for-You.com. (2004). Jaundice. Available: http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/remedy/Jaundice.html  [12] A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology. Sauders; 11th ed, 2005, pg. 1104. [13] Natural homeremedies.org. Home remedies for jaundice. Available: http://www.natural-homeremedies.org/homeremedies-jaundice.htm     

Flexural strength of concrete prism strengthened using CFRP with modified mortar

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