Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia (Pengajian Tinggi) atau PPPM (PT) merupakan dokumen strategik yang sedang disediakan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, yang menggariskan hala tuju pendidikan tinggi negara untuk tempoh bermula dari 2013 sehingga 2025. Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi (KPT) telah menetapkan e-pembelajaran sebagai salah satu agenda utama dalam Pelan Strategik Pengajian Tinggi Negara (PSPTN). Penggunaan serta penglibatan staf akademik dan pelajar dalam e-pembelajaran adalah amat ditekankan dan ia menjadi sebahagian daripada Indeks Utama Pencapaian (KPI) dalam PSPTN. Dasar e-Pembelajaran Negara (DePAN) adalah kesinambungan daripada kajian semula PSPTN pada tahun 2007-2020 serta penyelarasan PPPM (Prasekolah hingga Pendidikan Lepas Menengah) pada tahun 2013-2025, yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan dan memartabatkan sistem pendidikan tinggi negara. Pelan ini mengandungi 10 lonjakan iaitu graduan holistik, berciri keusahawanan dan seimbang, kecemerlangan bakat, menghayati pembelajaran sepanjang hayat, graduan TVET berkualiti, kemampanan kewangan, pemantapan tadbir urus, ekosistem inovasi, keunggulan global, pembelajaran dalam talian tahap global dan transformasi penyampaian pendidikan tinggi. Lonjakan ini akan menyokong lima aspirasi sistem pendidikan yang memberi tumpuan kepada akses, ekuiti, kualiti, kecekapan dan perpaduan bagi memangkin transformasi dan ia boleh menentukan masa depan yang lebih cemerlang untuk negara Malaysia (Kementerian pengajian Tinggi Malaysia, 2011)

Ali, Zaurin

Jomari, Nurul Asyikin

Wahab, Eta

English

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  138     ARE YOU TRIGGERING?  Tan King Hiyang  Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia tankh@uthm.edu.my   ABSTRACT  Technology provides a tool for solving instructional problems.  However, technology integration into instructional design requires creative and strategic effort.  Current education focus is on student-centred learning.  To motivate student participation and instil meaningful learning require flexible and nonlinearly designed interface.  High skill level and advance technological mastery is not an ultimate necessity.  Trigger for example, is a wonderful gadget embedded inside Powerpoint® that can assist teachers to transform into a technological expert.  Trigger allows object/s to be animated only when a specific object on the Slide Show is clicked, hence triggering the animations.  Trigger can transform your instructional material into dynamic, flexible and interactive learning support materials. This paper is intended to share the skill and pedagogical knowledge of integrating trigger into slide presentation.  Basic steps is demonstrated to allow for mastery experience.  A few creative and effective applications of triggers into instructional materials have been suggested.  Hopefully, such experiences will trigger the reader to explore further regarding the magic of triggering.  Keywords:  trigger, instructional design, animation   INTRODUCTION  Technology provides a tool for solving instructional problems (Cennamo et.al.2010).  Integration of technology in classroom teaching is aiming to support student-centred curriculum.  The most effective integration is not to use technology but how to use it strategically.  Instructional delivery through computer-based courseware force the designer to better organise and structure learning materials. The current environment of learning has shifted from teacher-centred to student centred. Student centered learning require additional attention on the planning and delivery of instructional materials(Tan & Lee 2010). Student-centered learning require interactive engaging.  Interactivity is mutual action between the learner, the learning system, and the learning material(Hick 1997) and numerous studies such as Bosco 1986, Fletcher 1989, 1990 and Stanfford 1990 have found that interactivity has a strong positive effect on learning.  Interactive learning with live-action video, audio, graphics,   139  feedback, expert advice, and questions and answers keep learners interested and reinforce skills (Hick 1997).  Teaching and learning is a process of communication, in which content is encoded into instructional symbol deliver through a channel of media.  The symbol is decoded by learner into understandable information and digest, then store into short term or long term memory depending on the level of been triggered.    Trigger is just like the media channel, inculcate the sender to deliver flexibly, efficiently and interactively, its encoded content so that, the learner will be learning meaningfully.   THE BASIC OF TRIGGER  Trigger is a feature introduced in PowerPoint XP / 2002 and the later versions. It is not new to the presentation software.  However, seldom have I notice any creative local application in school or education institution.    Trigger allows object/s to be animated only when a specific object on the Slide Show is clicked, hence triggering the animations.  It is just like our household electrical switch, once press, will trigger the turning on/off of our electrical appliances.  It could be any object designed into the slide, such as a picture, a button, text box, paragraph or even a hidden object function as a hotspot – that will set off an action when the user click it. The trigger action can be an activation of a movie, a sound play, an animation or even a sequence of actions during the slide show.  Trigger requires two components as illustrated by the figure 1 below.  The action must be planned earlier.  It must be designed into the slide show, at its appropriate location and with its designated action.  Then the triggering object ( which can be either a word, a line of text, a paragraph, a picture, a graphic or any hotspot integrated in the slide) must be identified.  Once integrated, the trigger can be utilized during slide show.  To activate the action/actions, the user has to click the TRIGGER to turn on the animation of the ACTION component.             Figure 1: Components of Trigger   STEPS IN EMBEDDING TRIGGER  The Trigger Action/Actions activating   140  Using the figure1 above, we wish to display the action graphic with a box in animation when the trigger button is clicked.  These are the steps,  i. Insert any AutoShapes to act as the trigger button and any AutoShapes to function as the action graphic.  Animate the action graphic with a Box In entrance animation.                      Figure 2: Custom Animation    ii Click at the animation line and select Timing(figure 3), then, click the Triggers button(figure 4).                    Figure 3: Timing         141                       Figure 4: Tiggers   iii. Click at the start effect on the click of  and select the triggering object. Click OK to complete the animation.                       Figure 5: Select the Trigger Object   iv. Press F5 to activate slideshow and the slide should only project the trigger button. Click the trigger button and the action graphic should box-in and appear on the slide.           142     TRIGGER APPLICATION  Triggering Graphics  Trigger can be integrated into graphical presentation to enhance interactivity between student-content, student-student and teacher-student.  Visual provide a concrete referent for ideas (Smaldino et.al.2005) and it motivates learners by attracting their attention, holding their attention and generating emotional responses. During a lesson on identification of tools and equipment for circuit work, different pictures of related tools can be reduced into thumbnails (figure 6 ).  Such design interface will arouse the curiosity of the students. Student can select which thumbnail to view or the selection of thumbnail can be flexible depending on situational requirement.  Triggering is activated when the thumbnail is clicked.  It will trigger the display of a larger picture in the centre of the slide.  Discussion and information sharing can be conducted.  Picture thumbnails that has been integrated with triggers can motivate the student continuously to explore and encourage interpersonal communications.         Figure 6: Thumbnail   Triggering Text  Using the enlarged picture as the trigger object (figure 6), boxes of text can be displayed with a trigger set to the enlarged picture.  Presentation of visual enabling student with visual learning style to understand the content better. If we display graphic and information simultaneously, student will a longer  Enlarged picture activated by triggering the thumbnail Thumbnail functioning as trigger LONG NOSE PLIERS:  used to hold wire whilst it is been cut.  Also used tohold small components Tools related information can be triggered to another hotspot.   143  moment to familiar themselves with the screen display and then, they will require time to adjust and refocus on the respective area.  It may also distract attention and interfering the meaningful learning. Screen display components that need to be trigger to reappear can and will, adding flexibility to instructional implementation and inspire the instructor to experiment with different teaching strategies.  Triggering Hotspot  Triggering require the presence of two objects, a trigger and a triggered action. At times, we require multiple triggers to different actions, but, the inserted graphic cannot be ungrouped, so, restrict the integration of multiple triggering design.   To solve this problem require creative manipulation to slide design.  A transparent Hotspot can be inserted to function as the trigger. Looking at the figure 7 below, the designer intent to utilise each chart bar as the triggers, to activate a text box of information to strengthen or justify the chart display.  First of all, insert any AutoShape(preferably identical shape with the background object).  Format the object and adjust the level of fill transparent to 100 per cent. Select the No Line option, the object should be transparent on screen. Place the transparent object on the selected background and trigger it as usual to its designated text box.  Repeat the similar process to other triggers.        00.20.40.60.811.2Jan Feb Mar April May Jun05101520253035404550  Figure 7: Transparent Hotspot   Trigger object Text box containing additional information to display during the triggering of the respective hotspot Action object Trigger object will be placed on top   144  Triggering Chart Display  Presentation of chart during a meeting or during the course of teaching in the classroom is intended to be utilised as aids for discussion.  A lot of information need to go into the charts, such as results, highlighting notes, justification findings, labelling etc. Displaying all information concurrently will result in distraction and lost of focus. Chart display can be interactive by integrating trigger and the chart animation tab embedded in the effect option of the custom animation pane.  Insert the chart with the Insert Chart option.  Animated the chart display with the Custom Animation.  Click on the animation tap to display the animation menu box.  Click on the Chart Animation tap to display the option of chart display format.  Every chart has its own characteristics, but, the format of display should be identical. Exploring the different format such as by series, by categories, by element in series, by element in categories will alter the sequence of presenting the information according to designated objective.  Addition information can be integrated into the chart to highlight certain abnormality within the chart area.  If excel chart is inserted, a hotspot trigger object may be required to place on top of the respective chart area.  Using a text box to key in additional information and trigger the display of information to the hotspot.  With such additional features, the presentation will definitely be more interactive and effective.                     Figure 8: Chart Animation Menu     145    Figure 9: Chart Animation Display Variation   Triggering Music  Music is a universal language central to every culture of the world (Ron & Nancy Brown 2010).  Music reduces mental fatigue, calms tension, focus thinking and greatly impacts creativity and sensitivity. Music will motivate students of all ages. Dissemination of learning information through music is effective because it provides a learning pathway to different types of learning style such as auditory, kinesthetic/tactile (movement), and tactual (elicits emotion) and visual if lyrics are presented. Music or audio material can be integrated into the instructional design as supporting component or as the main media for specific purpose.  However, continuous or uncontrollable playing of music can be a nonsense if managed unprofessionally. Trigger will not only resolve that problem but it will also improve and enhance the interactivity of the design.  Insert the selected music or audio file into the slide.  Click the audio icon and click the Add Effect icon to display the Sound Action menu, three control setting is available to be selected– Play, Pause and Stop. Click and insert the three setting individually to the respective sound file.  The setting can be activated during slideshow.                 Figure 10: Sound Animation Menu    Triggering music/audio control   146  Triggering Interactive Quiz  Multiple choice quizzes is a form of formative assessment aiming to evaluate the understanding of the student during the course of active learning.  Powerpoint quizzes can be student controlled or teacher directed.  There are two suggestions to integrate trigger into the quizzes - instant respond and question tips.  The object of A, B and C will be functioning as triggers to trigger its respective responses.  When student click on the button A, it will trigger the display of √ while clicking on button B or C will trigger the display of X (figure 11).    Figure 11: Quiz with Triggered Respond   Quizzes can also be interactive by integrating triggering tips.  Looking at figure 12, the student who require reminder or revision of the subject matter, can click on the tips object and additional information will be displayed allowing the student to study before answering the quizzes.     Figure 12: Quiz with Triggered Tip At times, if we develop student learning materials and the student is given the quiz to do it individually and to prevent the student from guessing the correct answer by clicking every buttons, a controlling mechanism can be developed to allow student to try only once on every question.  That means, if the student Q 1.  What is the total of  245 + 333? A B C 578 678 579 √ X Triggered Action Trigger Q 1.  What is the total of  245 + 333? A B C 578 678 579 √ X Action Tips activated by the trigger Trigger   147  click at button A, button B and C will be locked by the mechanism and forcing the student o proceed to the next question. To develop such mechanism, Transparent object (refer to section on Triggering Hotspot) have to be inserted to cover (bring to front) the respective answer buttons.  If any button is clicked by the student, it will also trigger the appearing of the transparent object and blocking the buttons underneath.  For example, when object A is clicked, the transparent object will cover object B and C; When object B is clicked, the transparent object will cover the object A and C respectively.  Such design is best incorporated into student learning materials.  CONCLUSION  As the proverb says, “ Give a man a fish and you feed him for one day. Teach him to fish and you feed him for a lifetime‖, this paper is intended to share my experiences for the past few years as instructional design lecturer.  Most of the ideas were contributions from the world wide web and my personal experimental encounter with my students and research students over the years. All these suggested applications have been tested and a very positive responses were collected from various sources.  Last but not least, I sincerely hope that it has already triggering your professional impulses to start triggering and making your lesson fun, interesting, interactive and meaningful.   REFERENCES  Cennamo K.S., Ross J.D., Ertmer R. (2010). ―Technology Integration for Meaningful Classroom Use‖ USA: Wadsworh. Hick S. (1997) ―Benefits of Interactivity Multimedia Courseware‖ Trican Multimedia Solutions Inc. http://http-server.carleton.ca. Ron & Nancy Brown, (2010), ―Why Music? Use Music to Teach‖. INTELLI-TUNES, http://intelli –tunes.com. Smaldino S.E.,Russell J.D.,Heinich R.,Molenda M. (2005) ‖Instructional Technology and Media For Learning‖ Ohio: Pearson. Tan King Hiyang, Lee Ming Foong (2010) ―Instructional Design Mediated Interactivity‖ paper presented in The 3rd Regional Conference on Engineering Education & Research in Higher Education, Kuching. Tucker S. (2010). ―Use triggers to create an interactive slide show in PowerPoint‖ downloaded from http://office.microsoft.com at 11-9-2010             

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