Kajian ini adaiah bertujuan untuk meniiai sejauhmana Modul Pembeiajaran

Kendiri Pendidikan Aiam Sekitar dapat membantu guru dan peiajar sekolah menengah

daiam proses pengajaran dan pembeiajaran dari aspek kesesuaian isi kandungan,

kesesuaian aktiviti, tahap keboiehiaksanaan dan mesra pengguna. Responden kajian ini

terdiri daripada 20 orang guru dan 50 orang peiajar di Sekoiah Menengah Teknik Batu

Pahat yang dipilih secara rawak. Untuk kajian ini instrumen yang digunakan ialah jenis

soal selidik di mana penilaian dilakukan berdasarkan kepada persepsi responden terhadap

Modul Pembeiajaran Kendiri Pendidikan Alam Sekitar. Data-data yang dikumpulkan

dianalisis 7?ie;!ggHHa/raH &af!'sf;ca/ Packages For socz'a/ & f e / : c e j (SP-S^ i^er^zoH 77.0

yang melibatkan skor min, peratus dan ujian t. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kesesuaian

isi kandungan modul (skor min= 3.19), kesesuaian aktiviti (skor min = 3.18), tahap

keboiehiaksanaan (skor min = 3.17) dan ciri-ciri mesra pengguna (skor min = 3.20)

adaiah pada tahap yang tinggi. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan tidak terdapat

perbezaan yang signifikan di antara guru dan peiajar terdapat kesesuaian isi kandungan,

kesesuaian aktiviti, keboiehiaksanaan dan ciri-ciri mesra pengguna. Oleh itu, hasil kajian

menunjukkan Modul Pembeiajaran Kendiri Pendidikan Alam Sekitar ini dapat membantu

pensyarah dan peiajar daiam proses pengajaran dan pembeiajaran

Ramli, Azuin

English

UTHM Institutional Repository

VIDEO STREAMING PERFORMANCE AT FTMM, KUiTTHO  Hannani binti Aman, Isredza Rahmi binti A.Hamid, Norhanifah binti Murli, Ruzilawati binti Deraman@Muhammad Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Multimedia,  Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn E-mail: {hanani, rahmi, norhanifah}@kuittho.edu.my, ruzi78@yahoo.com  Tel.: +607-4538036, +607-4538043, +607-4538042, +6019-7415334    ABSTRACT   The distribution of digitized video data, whether on-demand or streaming, is rising tremendously among Internet users in Malaysia especially in areas such as education, communication and television broadcasting.  Based on this progression, a research has been conducted to study the relationship between network performance and the quality of video data streamed in FTMM, KUiTTHO local area network.  Different types of content and category of video data are streamed to the network which is equipped with LAN 100Base T technology.  To achieve the objective, experimental approach is applied to different types of video content namely lecture clips, movie clips and music clips.  The quality of transmitted video data is very much depended on two main factors which are packet delay and packet loss.  Based on the experiment that has been conducted, packet delay is caused by network traffic condition, video content, LAN architecture, hardware and transmission medium used.  In addition to this, the experiment also has shown that packet loss is caused by data burst.  This situation happened when packet queue is overloading the router.  This research confirms that video streaming quality can be upgraded with the use of better communication medium such as fiber optic, the exploitation of up-to-date network hardware, the utilization of bigger capacity hard disk and finally with the use of smaller window scale in displaying the video content.  Keyword: video, video streaming, packet delay, packet loss   Introduction  Jaromil (2002) defines video streaming as a way of transferring digital audio and video signal through data networks. This streaming technology allows client to play video and audio data without the need to download all the data. The technology allows Video on Demand (VOD) and Conferencing applications to be performed on the client side without much delay.   Aspotoplopoulos, et.al(2002) says Internet developed in the middle of 1990’s motivates video communication through networks as a great effort  to its evolution. Transferring large files such as audio and video data is not as simple as transferring a single data.  Packets which contain data are always delayed and sometimes lost.  These kinds of problem shall effects the quality of video being streamed to the client side.   Transferring video and audio data on the Internet need real time responses from the file server. After finishing downloading the files, playing back would not be of any problem. But video and audio streaming allows clients to playback the data in real time without having them finish downloading the file. This is when the problem occurs. As the packets being transferred are delayed or lost, the overall quality of data will be greatly affected.   Packet delay is referred as delay jitter as the problems occur on the receiver side (client) while translating and viewing frame in fix rate. Any delay will cause the video data to be played in jerky manners as the frame arrangement is already tampered.  Another problem faced by streaming video is packet lost. Type of packet lost depends on the network. Wireless network has to deal with burst error or bit failure, while wired network may just lose any packet.  Nevertheless, with the integration of high speed network and modern network technologies, streamed video data can be played smoothly, regardless the data of being complex and of high capacity.  This study is conducted to review the quality of video streaming in our faculty; Faculty of Information Technology and Multimedia (FTMM) from the two aspects already mentioned namely packet lost and packet delay.  An experiment is performed to study the relationship between FTMM network system and the quality of video data being transmitted.  The same video content is streamed through the same network on a different time range; peak and non-peak hour. The results are then presented in a graphical form that will depict the changes of video quality before transmission and after the client view the data.     Literature Review  In literature study we focus on streaming technology and network channels used to transfer media content. The result of this study could give us a whole picture of what domain we are in.   Technically, streaming technology is defined as transferring a file from a server to the client through web, using packet in which each packet will be tagged with time called stream.  In other words it is called as time based streaming. This technology allows client to view the data without downloading its full content.  All types of files could be transferred using this manner; however it most suited to time-based media such as video and audio content where it must be played sequentially and uninterruptedly.  There are 2 kinds of media streaming techniques that use Internet Protocol which are On-Demand and Live. On-demand streaming technique displays recorded file resided in server at the client’s browser. Meanwhile, the live streaming technique displays the media content in real time. Both technologies need high bandwidth in providing the best quality of video playback. (Zakaria Kasa, et.al. 2003)  There are 2 techniques for transferring live media to client which are unicasting and multicasting. Unicasting is best suited for on-demand streaming when there is no network mechanism needed and real time streaming is not an issues. But traffic may increase when the number of user is high and increasing (Donny, 2002). However, multicasting is more efficient when the number of users is increased in which it uses the same bandwidth. This technique is suitable for livecasting but a few network mechanisms are needed to support it (Zakaria Kasa, et.al. 2003).  Computer network normally connects two or more computer to share media, resources, fail or to communicate electronically. There are 3 categories of network implementation which are wired network, wireless network and combination of both (Baharuddin Aris, et.al, 2001).  Wired Local Area Network (LAN) connects a few computers in a limited length. Ratliff (1999) defines LAN as a network in which information is shared between many users in an area, such as building or in a metropolitan. As for the configuration, a server computer needs to store and manage the network and all software application. Another computer for user used which link to this server serves as workstation. (Baharuddin Aris, et.al, 2001).  Wireless LAN differs as the connection is not physical; without cable or wire. This network is connected using high radio frequency or infra red to communicate among the workstations and server. For a remote distance, the connection is through satellite or cellular phone (Baharuddin Aris, et.al, 2001).  Video streaming technology allows user to watch the multimedia content without requires them to download its full content. This kind of technology is our focus in studying the performance of video content transmission.   Methodology  The Experimental approach is applied in completing this project.  To carry out the experiment, a video streaming server is developed and run on the actual FTMM network.  As depicted in Table 1, roughly, the experiment will follow the five phases as suggested from Barnes, et. al.(2005).  Table 1: Phases involved in the project  Phase Steps Involved Problem Identification 1. Identifying packet delay and packet loss as two common factors of research in examining video quality transmitted across the FTMM network 2. Identifying the types of video content to be tested (story, movie and lecture clips) 3. Identifying the suitable time to test the video content to be at 8 a.m. until 4 p.m. Planning 1. Test is conducted during class hour (Monday until Friday)  2. Rider 2.0 software is installed in Window Server 2003 server 3. Developing the actual video streaming server on the FTMM network and make it run properly 4. Each video contents are already encoded to wmv files 5. Video contents are stored in the server and played back by the user using Windows Media Series 9.0 Controlling  1. The different video contents (story, movie and lecture clips) are streamed to the network at four different time range (8-10 a.m., 10-12 p.m., 12-2 p.m. and 2-4 p.m.) 2. Network emulator Rider 2.0 is installed at the server and at the client PC 3. Client-Server is connected to 100Mb/s network Data Analysis 1. Packet loss and packet delay for each transmission is recorded 2. Data is then converted into graph to examine packet loss and packet delay for each video types at the different experiment time  Result 1.    Findings on the relationship between network performance and the quality of video being streamed into the network           Software requirement  Table 2 below illustrates the software used in this experiment and its functions.  Table 2:  Software used  Software Functions Windows Media Encode To encode video format from mpg to wmv format Windows Media Series 9.0 Video player on the client’s side Rider 2.0 To record delay and packet loss occurrences  Microsoft Project To schedule activities involved in the project Microsoft Excel To record the data and to generate the graphs  Hardware requirement  Table 3 below shows the hardware used during the experiment.  Table 3:  Hardware used  Server Client Windows  Server 2003 Windows XP Professional Pentium Processor (1.4 GHz minimum) Pentium Processor (150MHz minimum) 40 GB Hard disk 300 MB Hard disk 256 and above RAM 16 and above RAM VGA 256 color monitor VGA 256 color monitor Keyboard and mouse Keyboard and mouse   Network Specification   i. 100Base-T full duplex (RJ-45) ii. Serial Port - RS-232 (D-Sub 9-pin) iii. 100Base-T Ethernet adapter  Implementation  A streaming server has been set up using Windows Media Services 9 Series and Window Server 2003 at Artificial Intelligent lab as shown in Figure 1. KUiTTHO City Campus’s network is using TMNet connection located at KUiTTHO City Campus server room. FTMM LAN is connected through a router resides at Studio Video and Animation (SAVA) using 100BaseT technology. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable is used to connect hubs and switches while fiber optic is selected as the backbone connection.  3 com 4900, 16x1KUiTTHO CITY CAMPUSSERVER ROOMSwitch, 48x1LECTURER’S ROOMSwitch, 48x3Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 24x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 24x1Switch, 48x3Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x2Switch, 48x1Switch, 48x13 Com 3824, 24x13 Com 3812, 24x1INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY CENTERCOMPUTER LAB, ITC2COMPUTER LAB, ITC2COMPUTER LAB, ITC1DIGIT/BASEELECTRONIC LABGRAPHIC &REPROGRAPHY LABCEFM LAB (FPT)AUDIO&VIDEOANIMATION LABSwitch, 48x1StreamingServerFiberopticFiber opticFiber opticCOMPUTER FACILITIESDISTRIBUTION LABGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY& MULTIMEDIA LABSOFTWAREENGINEERING LABARTIFICIALINTELLIGENT LABNETWORKINGTECHNOLOGY LABCOMPUTERMAINTENANCE LABSCIENCE MGMNTLABLECTURE ROOM 2 -FTMMFPT OFFICEINFO. TECH LAB 1INFO. TECH LAB 2INFO. TECH LAB 3LAND PROPERTIESCOMPUTER LABDEV. COMPUTER LABSCIENCE MGMTCOMPUTER LAB   Figure 1: Network Design for KUiTTHO City Campus  The streaming server contains three types of video with different sizes as a sample to test the network performance. Tests have been conducted five times between 8.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. at Information System Lab and Graphic Technology and Multimedia Lab to measure the delay and loss of packets. Table 4 shows type of video and size for each video. Rider 2.0 software is used to capture the delay and packet lost of the data during the testing.  Table 4: Type and size of videos  Category Type of video Size 1. Story Shin Chan 502 Mb 2. Story Full House 625 Mb 3. Lecture Kuliah 1 58 Mb 4. Lecture Kuliah 2 58 Mb 5. Music Pengorbanan Ibu 4.50 Mb 6. Music Konsert AF3 520 Mb  Figure 2 and 3 shows the average of delays and percentage of packet lost for the whole test. Both diagram shows that all videos have high packet lost and delay between 12.00 p.m. to 2.00 p.m. There are many factors can possibly present this result.  Average of delay for all sets of video0501001502002503008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.00test 2 test 3 test 4 test 5timeAverageStoryMusicLecturetest 1 Figure 2 : Average of delay for all sets of video  Percentage of packet lost for all types of video05101520258.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.008.00 - 9.009.00 - 10.0010.00 - 11.0011.00 - 12.0012.00 - 1.001.00 - 2.002.00 - 3.003.00 - 4.00Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5timepercentage of packet lost (%)StoryMusicLectureTest 1 Figure 3: Percentage of packet lost for all sets of video  Derived from the five sets of test that have been conducted, network performance can be measured through three elements that are number of users, type of devices and data, and type of media communication used. Based on the case study conducted at FTMM, generally 12.00 p.m. to 2.00 p.m. is a break hour where all labs is fully booked and used by students. Lecturers also used this time to surf and search information either for class preparation or for research. As a result, the capacity of user is very high and automatically will affect the performance of network and quality of video services.  As mentioned before, KUiTTHO City Campus is using 100BaseT technology using copper cable and fiber optic for its backbone. The disadvantages of copper cables are prone to electromagnetic interference and short boost signal. Subsequently, transmission data is much slower than coaxial cable or fiber optic.  Other reasons that could affect the video presentation are the way network devices are located and types of devices used also can cause high delay and packet. Sometimes the router cannot handle much information at the same time. Consequently, some of the packets are missing because of burst and as a result the quality of streaming video is damaged.  Finally, based on observation and testing results, other factor that contributes to this is the size and type of video. Videos that have high motion and long duration such as story will have high delay and high percentage of packet lost as portrayed in Figure 2 and 3.   Suggestion  Based on test that have been done, percentage of packet lost and delay is very high because of certain factors such as the number of user, media communication used, the content and size of video itself and types of devices used to connect the network. In order to have superior video streaming services, action should be taken to enhance the network performance.  Therefore, FTMM should take some actions to ensure the video streamed in its network is of high quality.   Consecutively, to offer better video streaming services, it must correspond with the devices used such as larger size hard disk, router and switches. The streaming server itself must be located at SAVA lab or KUiTTHO City Campus server room in order to make simpler for user to access the video from anywhere.  Besides that, the media communication should be upgraded from copper cable to fiber optic for better data transmission and network performance. With copper, data can only go about 90 meters while with fiber, less devices is used because it only need passive patch panels locally to allow for moves.  When it comes to costs, fiber optics is always assumed to be much more expensive than copper cabling either cable, terminations or networking electronics. Everybody says that fiber costs more without realizing that Cat 6 it gets more expensive, almost as much as fiber. Actually there is more to consider in making the decision. Therefore, fiber optic cable can support much higher data rates and at greater distances, than coaxial cable, making it ideal for transmission of serial digital data.  Other than that, sizes and length of videos also contribute to bad service. All videos should follow certain standard regarding the content and size of video. This will ensure that, user gets good quality of video. Besides that, user must use appropriate window scale size.  This is significant to guarantee the quality of video data being transmitted at lower broadband is unaffected and of higher quality.   Conclusion  Streaming video is a technology where client do not have to download all files from server in order to view the content. This research has been done to identify suitability of this technology to be implemented at FTMM, KUiTTHO. To ensure the high quality of video transmission, FTMM should take action based on the finding and test that have been conducted. Delays and lost of packet can be reduced by changing cables or by relocating the server at a more appropriate place where user can access more easily.         References:  Apostolopoulos, J.G., Tan, Wai-tian and Wee, S.J. (2002). ”Video Streaming: Concepts, Algorithms and System.” Technical Report. HP Laboratories Palo Alto.   Baharuddin Aris, Mohammad Bilal Ali, Jamaludin Harun dan Zaidatun Tasir (2001). “ Sistem Komputer & Aplikasinya.” Edisi Pertama. Kuala Lumpur: Venton Publishing. 212 – 227.  Barnes, L., Huser, J. and Palmquist, M. (2005) . ”Experimental & Quasi Experimental Research.”: Writing @ csu. Colorodo State University Department of English.  Donny, B. U. (2002).  “Streaming: Membuat Fail Besar Serasa Kecil”.  www.infokomputer.com accessed on 20 Julai 2006  Jaromil, D. (2000). “Video Streaming.” Technical Report. GNU GPL.  Ratliff, R. (1999). “Network + Certification.” 1st.ed. United State of America: Marcraft International Corporation. 4 – 5.  Zakaria Kasa, Aida Suraya Md. Yunus, Suhaimi Napis, Bahaman Abu Samah, Azizan Asmuni, Mohd. Rizal Khanafie, Mohd. Zul Mohd. Yusoff, Hasmah Abd. Wahab, Tn. Syed Nazari Syed Ismail dan Khairi Zaihadi. (2003). “Kajian Effectiveness of Webcast Technology in Higher Education.” Laporan Teknikal. Institut Multimedia dan Perisian UPM.   

Pembangunan modul pembelajaran kendiri pendidikan alam sekitar bagi pelajar sekolah menengah

Kajian ini adaiah bertujuan untuk meniiai sejauhmana Modul Pembeiajaran 

Kendiri Pendidikan Aiam Sekitar dapat membantu guru dan peiajar sekolah menengah 

daiam proses pengajaran dan pembeiajaran dari aspek kesesuaian isi kandungan, 

kesesuaian aktiviti, tahap keboiehiaksanaan dan mesra pengguna. Responden kajian ini 

terdiri daripada 20 orang guru dan 50 orang peiajar di Sekoiah Menengah Teknik Batu 

Pahat yang dipilih secara rawak. Untuk kajian ini instrumen yang digunakan ialah jenis 

soal selidik di mana penilaian dilakukan berdasarkan kepada persepsi responden terhadap 

Modul Pembeiajaran Kendiri Pendidikan Alam Sekitar. Data-data yang dikumpulkan 

dianalisis 7?ie;!ggHHa/raH &af!'sf;ca/ Packages For socz'a/ &fe/:ce j (SP-S^ i^er^zoH 77.0 

yang melibatkan skor min, peratus dan ujian t. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan kesesuaian 

isi kandungan modul (skor min= 3.19), kesesuaian aktiviti (skor min = 3.18), tahap 

keboiehiaksanaan (skor min = 3.17) dan ciri-ciri mesra pengguna (skor min = 3.20) 

adaiah pada tahap yang tinggi. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan tidak terdapat 

perbezaan yang signifikan di antara guru dan peiajar terdapat kesesuaian isi kandungan, 

kesesuaian aktiviti, keboiehiaksanaan dan ciri-ciri mesra pengguna. Oleh itu, hasil kajian 

menunjukkan Modul Pembeiajaran Kendiri Pendidikan Alam Sekitar ini dapat membantu 

pensyarah dan peiajar daiam proses pengajaran dan pembeiajaran

VOL. X, NO. X, XXXXXXXX ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  ©2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.    www.arpnjournals.com ISSN 1819-6608        THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE CONTENT ON MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RICE STRAW PAPER  A.Hassan, S. Md Salleh, Normaziah Jafferi  Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.  E-Mail: asaliha@uthm.edu.my    ABSTRACT  Paper demand increases day by day according to current needs and requirements. This condition can affect to uncontrolled felling of trees and the occurrence of unbalanced ecosystem problems. Therefore, a study was made alternatively to use other resources to produce papers. Sodium hydroxide in different content for rice straw paper was studied to know its mechanical and physical properties. Preparation for paper sample process involves several important steps such as the provision of raw materials, preparation of pulp (absorption process, digesting process, rinsing process and mixing process) and sample preparation process (filtration process and drying process). The percentage of NaOH used for each sample are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% to varies the NaOH contents of the paper samples and see the effect of the chemical addition different in producing rice straw paper. Testing procedure including tensile, folding endurance, surface roughness, water absorption and FESEM test were implemented according to prescribed standards to see the different in its mechanical and physical properties of rice straw paper. The results showed that increasing the percentage of NaOH will decreases the surface roughness and water absorption rate. Also, the specimen surface when increasing NaOH indicates that the paper has improved fiber structure with fine arrangement to each other. With this, the addition of NaOH are seen to be able to  improve fiber properties as well as strengthen ties between the fibers. The results also showed that the J25 using 25% of NaOH has highest tensile strength and folding value.  Keywords:  Rice Straw paper  Sodium hydroxide   INTRODUCTION Cellulose is the main ingredient needed to make paper. Before this,  paper has been produced from resources mainly found in wood. Until now wood is needed in extremely large quantities to produce paper. The widely use of paper affects the production of paper every year and this caused a lot of felling trees and causing deforestation. Recently, many studies used various fibers as substitution for paper main materials. Some of the fibers are  banana leaves, pineapple leaf fiber, kenaf fiber and others. These fibers are often used as a cellulose in making paper. Rice straw fiber was chosen to replace the main ingredient of wood fiber as it is often thrown away without recycled or reproduced.   Paper can be classified as a substance that is thin and flat or a crossing network between cellulose fibers bonded to one another. Furthermore, the paper comprised of thin sheets must be made of glass fiber in which each constitute a separate unit. Each paper has certain properties, in which these qualities important to distinguish the different types of paper. In producing a paper, the process can be divided into three parts, namely manufacturing pulp (pulping), material preparation and producing paper.  In the pulping process,wood will be cut into small wood chips or chips using the cutting machine (chipper).  After that small wood chips or chips will be cooked (digesting) in the boiler at a particular temperature stage to destroy the wood chips. From the process, it will produce a waste material called fly ash or dust particles. The cooking process should be done continually to get uniform pulp results  (Lesmono, 2005). Chemicals that are often used to break the bonds of cellulose fibers are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfite. Cellulose also can found in wood, cotton, hemp and other plants (Jalaludin, Rizal.S, 2005). The study showed chemical composition of some is highest in rice husk compared to other lignocellulose biomass like straw, bagasse and bamboo.  Pulp bleaching or also known as bleaching processes for obtaining and bright white paper. In materials preparation process, the process of making the pulp and papermaking are combined. In this process, namely pulp short fibers will be filtered and cleaned and smoothed. Long fiber pulp will only be smoothed. Then, both pulps will be mixed and cleaned using chemical anti-foam and anti-septic. Once ready, this will undergo a screening process for making paper (Nurhayati and Mahmudin, 2012). In producing paper, pulp will be dissolved in water to form a slurry or a viscous solution that can be pumped through the machine. As a result,  this process produces a paper in a sheet form. Then the paper will be suppressed using press machine and dried using steam. Finally, the paper will be wound up on the machine calender until generating a roll of paper. (Nurhayati and Mahmudin, 2012). VOL. X, NO. X, XXXXXXXX ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  ©2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.    www.arpnjournals.com ISSN 1819-6608  There are three different types of pulping process including mechanical pulping, chemicals pulping and semi chemicals pulping. For mechanical pulping the main process are thermo-mechanical pulping (TMP) and mechanical pulping (SGW) process or also known as ground wood process. The process required range of steam temperature between 110˚C until 130˚C for 2 to 5 minutes (Holiks, 2006). For chemicals pulping,  two main process are used involving pulp alkali processes and acidic sulfite process. In chemicals pulping, raw materials were cooked with appropriate chemicals in an aqueous solution at high temperature and pressure. The aim of this process is to get rid of lignin and cellulose and hemicellulose left in a state of good fiber (Smook, 1994). Meanwhile for semi-chemical pulping determined through a two stage process pulp by combining chemical pulping process for producing some of the bonding material and refining lignocellulose fibers to enhance mechanical pulping process. According Navaee-Ardeh et al. (2003) rice straw has a chemical composition having an ash content of 11.35%; 30% lignin and hemicellulose 58.65%.  In order to improve the quality of paper, chemicals needed as a function of binder or also known as filler (filler) or binder agent. These materials have strong mechanical properties of paper and can increase the strength during steeping (Fengel and Wegener, 1995). NaOH serves as a medium separator between lignin and cellulose or can also be identified with the process of degrading lignin This study was conducted to see the results of the paper produced from rice straw fibers comparable to different NaOH contents.  The objective of this study was to investigate the production of paper using rice straw with varies sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and studying different mechanical properties via testing of tensile, folding, surface roughness, water absorption and physical texture observation using FESEM machine. This initiative is a move to diversify the raw material for producing paper.  SAMPLE PREPARATION AND TESTING Sample preparation of rice straw paper involves the process for raw materials preparation, pulp and sample specimens.  For raw material preparation, the rice straw after harvested is taken and dried under the sun. Rice straw is dried for about a week to ensure rice straw dried very well. After that, the dried rice straw ready to be cut by using a shredder. Rice straw is slowly fed into the shredder  so that the cutting process can proceed smoothly.  For producing pulp, the process is divided into four important process including soaking, cooking, rinsing and grinding process. The blended rice straw will be weighed and measured mass of NaOH according to the parameters set at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% . Then both substances were mixed and soaked for 12 hours. After that, straw fibers are cooked for 2 hours as shown in Figure 1. This immersion objective is to remove lignin, hemicellulose silica, and the pith of the fiber in order to have a better impregnation between  the fibers and the matrix as well as increasing fiber surface roughness in order to have better interaction.  After cooling it for a while, rice straw fiber goes through the process of rinsing to remove the effects of NaOH and impurities in the fiber. Next stage of the grinding process, the amount of water used per 1 liter and grinding is made within the range of two times for 2 to 3 minutes to produce a smooth pulp as shown in Figure 2. The next process is the formation of rice straw fiber paper where it will go through a screening method as shown in Figure 3. Paper that has been filtered as shown in Figure 4 and was hung out to dry. The time taken for the paper to dry was about 5 hours.              Figure 1: Preparation process   Figure 2: Grinding process   Figure 3: Screening Process   Figure 4: Drying process   After obtaining straw paper, the paper will be cut according to the standard size for the sample tests which will be carried out.  The mechanical tests executed for samples of rice straw fiber paper were  tensile test, folding endurance, the surface roughness and water absorption test. These tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of materials before they are used in an application. For physical exam, the test performed is the surface roughness, water absorption and "FESEM" test as shown as Figure 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Figure 5 shows schematic diagrams for tensile test and samples specimen. Folding endurance tests as shown  infoesaproinpastrwdeknwsu F    Figure 6 was lding withstantimate the abplied repeateughness and w Figure 7. Tesrameter wheructure of thehether in fine termined in thown as Fieldas done to loorface of the enigure 5: TensFigFigure 7: SVOL. X, NO. X, XA conducted to ad the maximuility of a padly to the ater absorptioting of surface quality of p paper surfacor coarse textuis test. As sho Emission Scak at very smatire material.ile test schemareal spe  ure 6: Folding  urface RoughAbsorpXXXXXXX RPN Journ©2006-2015 Asssess the duram. In additionper to resist fold. Meanwn test machine roughness isrinting paper e. Thus, the re is a criticawn in Figure 8nning Electroll topographic tic diagram focimen  Endurance Teness Tester antion al of Engineian Research Publiswww.arpbility of paper, it is used tobending ratehile surfacee were shown an importantrelies on thepaper surfacel feature to be, FESEM testn Microscopedetails on ther sample and st  d  Water ering and Ahing Network (ARP   njournals.com              Figure 8: RESULT The resuanalyze bspecimenshowed tJ10, J15 mm2 andmm2. Thstructurecavities oforce is a  Fi From Figlevel of fThe loweand J15 specimenother fibwould fuclosely. Tof bondspaper wi  pplied ScieN). All rights reser  Field Emission S AND DISCUlt of for the ased on diffe tested have dhe highest reaand J25 respe 3.96 N / mmis specimen s can withstanr high porositpplied. gure 10 : Tensure 11, it shoolding with abst level specimwhich failing  J25 is better iers. Fibers hlfill the poreshis makes ext between the fll become closnces ved. ISSNcanning Electron SSION test conducterent testing. Fifferent stressding of 26.4 Nctively of 3.62. J20 has lowhows J5 strond before brey will give a lile strength forws that J25 sility of 8 timeens of foldinto 5-fold. Wn folding enduaving high  easily and censive contactibers increaseer and its dens 1819-6608  Microscope(FESEd was acquirigure 10 show value. J5 spe / mm2, follo1 N / mm2, 4est value of ger because thak or fracturower strength  all specimenspecimen has s fold before g capabilities ith this, the firance comparflexibility proan touch other area and the ns. Then, the reity will be highM) ed and s each cimens wed by .16 N / 2.8 N / e fiber e. Air when a   a good failure. are J10 bers in ed with perties  fibers umber sulting er.  agwvaasSucaininThJ512haot  FiFig Figure ainst all specith Ra value lue is 7.34. sessing finenrface roughnen give suitabilFor the Figure 13 sho specimens J2e water absor absorption is 0 seconds. Ths closer fiberher specimensFiggure 13 : WateVOL. X, NO. X, XA ure 11 : Foldi12 shows the imens. The be6.09. Most roPaper surfaceess or roughnss is also impity as printing  final test in wws the water 5 of 0.033 coption rate is h0.073. Each spe results shows composition resulted in lowure 12 : Surfar absorption rXXXXXXX RPN Journ©2006-2015 Asng endurance rresults of surfst surface rouugh surface i structure is ess of the portant to be deand writing paater absorptioabsorption ratempared to othighest where ecimen takes  straw fiber i and compact absorption race roughness  esults for all spal of Engineian Research Publiswww.arpesult ace roughnessghness is J25s J5 with Raimportant inaper texture.termined as itper.  n test, results is the lowester specimens.the specimensimmersion forn samples J25 compared tote result ecimens ering and Ahing Network (ARP   njournals.com              At magnporosity specimenenlargema very gspecimen         The overspecimensurface rN / mmcomparabfor waterspecimenarrangedcan imprbetween  CONCL This stupercentagmechanicpercentag5%, 10%different mechanicthe percewith J5, Jincluded and can wlow watendurancthrough t  FSpecimeJ5 J10J15J20J25pplied ScieN). All rights reser ification of x5can be seens have a hent of  x1000 ood structure. all results shos J25 with 2oughness and 2 ,6.09μm le properties  absorption rat surface indic closer to eachove fiber prothe fibers. USION dy was condue NaOH coal properties e NaOH cont, 15%, 20%percentage al properties ntage content10, J15 and J2in the productithstand tearier absorptione. All these festing that hasigure 14 : SurTablns Stress      ( N/mm2) 4.26 3.61 4.16 2.8 3.96 nces ved. ISSN00 micrometer. It can be igh stress vamicrometer, J2 compared town in the Ta5%  NaOH hvalue of foldiand 8 resperather than othe is 0.033 g / ates a finer fi other. With tperties as wected to determntent of rice of the produent used on ric and 25%. NaOH contand physical  of  J25 NaO0. The main fion of paper isng. Moreover, rate and caeatures can be been done onface texture mFESEM  e 1 : Overall re Number of Folding 6 5 5 6 8   1819-6608 s, long fiber aconcluded thlue. Moreov5 has long fib other fibers ble 4.1.It showave tensile stng endurance ctively, haveers specimens.Observationsber structure ahis, the use ofll as strengthine the effestraw fiber ced paper. De straw fibers The results sent influencematerials. HoH is best coeatures that sh good tensile s it should alson withstand  seen and ide the rice straw agnification usults Ra value WAbsorp7.34 0.7.29 0.7.31 0.7.01 0.6.09 0.closed longnd less at J25 er, the ers and  of the s that rength, at 3.96  good . While  on the nd are  NaOH en ties ct of a in the ifferent include howed s the wever, mpared ould be trength  have a folding ntified fiber. sing ater tion (g/s) 073 064 058 041 033  fibers VOL. X, NO. X, XXXXXXXX ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  ©2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.    www.arpnjournals.com ISSN 1819-6608  REFERENCE [1]       [2]    [3]        [4]     [5]     [6]       [7]      Jalaluddin dan Rizal, S. (2005). Pembuatan Pulp Dari Jerami Padi dengan Menggunakan Natrium  Hidroksida. Universitas Malikussaleh Lhokseumawe. Jurnal Sistem  Teknik Industri Volume 6, No.5 November 2005 Lesmono, T.(2005). Kajian Pemanfaatan Limbah Sludge IPAL industri pulp  dan kertas sebagai pupuk tanaman. [Tesis]. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bagor.  Nurhayati dan Mahmudin, I (2012). Pengolahan Limbah Cair Kertas dan  Pulp Dengan Menggunakan Aerasi dan Tekanan Filter Karbon Aktif. Universitas Satya Negara Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Fakultas Teknik LIMIT’S Vol.8 No.1  Holik. (2006), Handbook Of Paper And Board. Corporate R&D and Technology Voith Paper Escher Wyss Str. 25 ,88212 Ravensburg, Germany.  Smook, G.A. (1994). Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists. Joint textbook committee of the paper industry of the United States and Canada, 425p.  Navaee-Ardeh S, Mohammadi-Rovshandeh, J., Pourjoozi, M. 2003. Influence of Rice Straw Cooking Conditions In The Soda-Ethanol-Water Pulping On The Mechanical Properties of Produced Paper Sheet. University of Tehran. Tehran.   Fengel, D and Wegener, G..(1995). Kayu : Kimia, Ultrastruktur, Reaksi-reaksi. (Terjemahan). GadjahMada Univ. Peress. Yogyakarta.   

Pembangunan modul pembelajaran kendiri pendidikan alam sekitar bagi pelajar sekolah menengah

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

UTHM Institutional Repository

UTHM Institutional Repository