Kajian ini adaiah bertujuan untuk membangun dan menilai bahan

Pembelajaran Berbantukan Komputer (PBK) berasaskan CD Interaktif bagi mata

pelajaran Pemasaran 1 yang dihasiikan oleh pengkaji. Peniiaian yang dibuat ialah

dari segi penerimaan peiajar terhadap produk yang dibangunkan, peniiaian isi

kandungan dan juga melihat kepada aspek mesra pengguna. Responden kajian terdiri

daripada 45 orang peiajar Semester 1, Diploma Pemasaran di Politeknik Sultan

Abdul Hamid Mu'adzam Shah, Jitra Kedah. Pemilihan sampei adalah secara

bertujuan (pH/pose/M/ .yanzp/fngJ. Instrumen yang digunakan ialah jenis soal selidik di

mana peniiaian dilakukan berdasarkan kepada maklum balas responden terhadap CD

Interaktif Pemasaran 1 yang dihasiikan. Kesemua data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis

7MgHggM7MAaH AafMrfca/ PacAagay For ^ocM/J A r e a s ' ( S P ^ Per-sw/: 77.0 yang

melibatkan skor min dan peratus (kekerapan). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan

penerimaan peiajar terhadap CD Interaktif Pemasaran 1 (skor min=3.14), isi

kandungan (skor min = 3.48) dan antara muka mesra pengguna (skor min =3.19).

Secara keseiuruhannya nilai skor min menunjukkan keputusan pada tahap tinggi.

Daripada dapatan kajian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahawa PBK CD Interaktif

Pemasaran 1 yang dihasiikan oleh pengkaji dapat diterima oleh peiajar, memadai dari

segi isi kandungan dan juga dari aspek mesra pengguna. Oleh itu ia sesuai digunakan

oleh peiajar-pelajar Diploma Pemasaran Semester 1 di peringkat politeknik.

Cadangan- cadangan diberikan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana CD Interaktif

Pemasaran 1 boleh dilaksanakan dengan lebih efektif dan efisien daiam usaha

membantu memudahkan proses pembelajaran peiajar

Omar, Darvina

English

UTHM Institutional Repository

Konvenysen Teknologi Pendidikan Ke-18 TEACHING AND LEARNING STIMULATOR FOR PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE BASED SYSTEM   Mohd Salleh  Tahar Jabatan Pendidikan Kejuruteraan Fakulti Pendidikan Teknikal, Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat,  Johor Hajcond@kuittho.edu.my ABSTRACT This paper describes an improved teaching and learning stimulator   for the learning of the refrigeration and air conditioning system. The present stimulator featured some important components that need to be included to improve learning. It is user friendly, capable of illustrating the real air conditioning system to the learner and thus provides easier understanding of the concept to the learners.  The lecturer too found that the teaching is conducted more easily and efficiently.  INTRODUCTION The present stimulator relates to the design of the teaching and learning apparatus that help to enhance learning.  More specifically, the present stimulator attempts to improve the teaching of refrigeration and the air conditioning system. The course is part of the teaching and learning module in technical schools, polytechnics, community college, universities or other technical institution.  Such a stimulator overcomes the difficulties of teaching and learning in the field of refrigeration and air-conditioning and at the same time improves the student knowledge and skills.  Each individual has different learning style. This becomes the main purpose for this research which is to find the new strategic ways to overcome the problem in the delivery of instruction to learners with different learning style.  At the same time the result of the research can produce a group of  highly skillful and knowledgeable student. The process of teaching and learning in this new era need the utilization of media and technology. It can help up in transferring the data and give information to achieve of the study objectives. Further more this study kit can teach the students to become more independence and being able to solve the problem (Baron & Orwing, 1997). The purpose of this research is to develop an instructional system using study kit as a main media of delivery in the process of teaching and learning in a classroom. By using this study kit the students can understand the content of study more easily compare to the class-room based teaching. This is because this study kit is a module that was developed specifically to upgrade the skill of the engineering students especially in the higher education.  The idea of air conditioning started before a machine was created to produce the cooling effect desired.  The first attempt at building an air conditioner system was made Gorrie (1803-1855), an American physician, in Apalachicola, Florida.  In the 1830s, Dr. Gorrie created an ice-making machine that essentially blew air over a bucket of ice for cooling hospital rooms of patients suffering from malaria and yellow fever. In 1881, when President James Garfield was dying, naval engineers constructed a box-like structure containing cloths saturated with melted ice water, where a fan blew hot air overhead. This contraption was able to lower a room by 20 degrees Fahrenheit but consumed half a million pounds of ice in the period of two months.  The modern air conditioner units were first made in 1902 by an American engineer by the name of Willis Carrier.  The machine at that time called “Apparatus for Treating Air” and was build for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing anf Publishing Co. in Brooklyn, New York.  Chilled coils were used in the machine to cool air and lower humidity to 55%, although the apparatus was made with enough precision that the humidity level desired was adjustable.  After the invention by Carrier, air conditioners began to bloom.  They first hit the industrial building such as printing plants, textile mills, pharmaccutical manufacturers, and a few hospitals.  The first air-conditioned home was that of Charles Gates, son of gambler John “Bet a Million” gates, in Minneapolis in 1914.  However, during the first wave their installation, Carrier’s air conditioner unit was large, expensive, and dangerous due to the toxic ammonia that was used as coolant.  Today, air conditioners an invention that is hard to live without. The increasing demand of air conditioners has also created many job opportunities.   In fact, refrigeration and air conditioning is now one of  the important subject offered in schools, colleges, polytechnics and even universities.   - 21 - Konvenysen Teknologi Pendidikan Ke-18 In terms of teaching and learning, the refrigeration and air conditioning simulator and the troubleshooting training system are designed for student and service technicians.  The simulator is an invaluable tool since it teaches the basics of air conditioner troubleshooting and operation, as well as improving the service skills of experienced technicians.  However, the existing simulator being used is too simple and is not fully equipped with the important parts such as pressure reading meter. The incompleteness of the stimulator makes the teaching and learning of refrigeration and air conditioning subject not very effective.                             The system that was developed in this study has figured out a plurality of important aspects that need to be included onto the existing simulator.  The present system is the improved teaching and learning apparatus for refrigerating and air conditioning which can overcome the above problems. It is a specific object of the present system to provide an additional teaching and learning apparatus to assist the teaching and learning refrigeration and air conditioning subject so that the teaching time will be reduced and hence more effective. It is also a specific object of the present system to provide a practical method of teaching and learning the air conditioner subject as the teaching and learning apparatus of the present system can always be a reference materials and it is convenient to use for revision.  THE STIMULATOR The stimulator developed is shown Figure 1 in which the elements are numbered identically through out a description of the preferred embodiment of the present system will now be provided. The system developed introduces an improved teaching and learning apparatus for refrigerating and air conditioning system to provide the conveniences of teaching and learning in the subject of air conditioner.  Figure 1 shows the front view of the teaching and learning apparatus  of the present system, the teaching apparatus for refrigerating and air conditioning. The present system has figure out some important components that need to be included into the existing air conditioner simulator system to make the teaching of air conditioner subject more effective.  The new components and their functions will be explained below:  Figure 1: The full circuit model of the present system of refrigeration and  air conditioning apparatus for pressure and temperature based system                                          EVAPORATOR 1CONDENSER 1CONDENSER 2METERING DEVICE 4COMPRESSORDISCHARGE LINESUCTION LINEEVAPORATOR 2METERING DEVICE 3METERING DEVICE 2METERING DEVICE 1EVAPORATORFAN 1EVAPORATORFAN 2CONDENSERFAN 1CONDENSERFAN 2   The first component that is added in the present system  is the high and low pressure meter (6). See Figure 2.  The teaching kit apparatus for refrigerating and conditioning comprising four main components of air conditioner in the present system namely a compressor (2), a condenser (3), plurality of devices (4) and an evaporator (5) are installed with the high and low pressure meter (6) at their respective inlet and outlet means as shown in figure 2, 3, 4 and 5.  The purpose of installing the high and low pressure meter (6) is to obtain the reading of pressure of the cooling material there through which includes the high and low pressure at each of the four main components as mentioned above.  Through calculation, the capability of the air conditioner system can be detected.  Next is the need of observation glass (7) to observe the transformation stage of the cooling material (not shown) during the sudden negative action on the air conditioning system.  By referring now to figure 2, 3, 4 and 5, observation glass (7) is installed at the inlet and outlet means of each of these four components - 22 - Konvenysen Teknologi Pendidikan Ke-18 of the  compressor (2),  condenser (3), devices (4) and evaporator (5).  The observation glasses (7) are connected adjacent the high and low pressure reading meter (6).  In the teaching  or training process, it is important to demonstrate the function of pressure based safety system to the students or trainees.  Therefore, the air conditioning teaching  and learning apparatus system of the present system has introduced another component, the safety switch (not shown) into the existing simulator.  The safety switches are installed at the inlet and outlet of the compressor (2) to help to demonstrate the function of pressure based safety  system. For experimenting purpose during the practical session, the present system has also designed a pipe (not shown) for attaching at the outwardly curved portions of evaporator (5) at its inlet, center portion and outlet.  These 3 curved portions at inlet, center positions and outlet are used for other experimental applications by attaching an indicator  (not shown) at each portion to indicate if there are any effects.  This is to observe the changing process especially in the aspect of pressure and temperature at all these four main components of compressor (2), condenser (3), devices (4) and evaporator (5) and hence determine the capability of the air conditioner system. The present system has also provided a few flexibilities in the present air conditioning teaching and learning apparatus system considering the importance of experimenting among the students and technicians in the teaching process.  The present air conditioning teaching apparatus system allows the change of compressor (2) in different sizes, the change of cooling gas, and also the change of other experimental applications.  By using the pipe size built in system, components like compressor (2) and cooling gas can be experimented to detect the system’s failure and system’s capability. Lastly is the installation of half cover.  In the present teaching and learning apparatus system (1), the half cover is installed on the condenser (3) and evaporator (5).  Such installation has the purpose of observing the differences in capability of the system and also the transformation of shapes.  In the practicing point of view, by having the installation of half cover, it is possible to obtain the capability of the system when a negative action is performed on the system.   1635472  Figure 2: Actual model  The teaching and learning apparatus system (1) of the present system provides more benefits to the learner as compared to existing air conditioner simulator.  It is very user friendly.  It provides easier understanding to the learner in the conceptual aspect of air conditioner.  The lecturer can teach the course more easily and the teaching time will be shortened.  Hence, the teaching of air conditioner - 23 - Konvenysen Teknologi Pendidikan Ke-18 subject becomes more effective. It is to be understood that the present system may be embodied in other specific forms and is not limited to the sole embodiment described above.  However modification and equivalent of the disclosed concepts such as those which readily occur to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the claims which are appended thereto.  SUMMARY  The present system describes an improved of refrigeration and air conditioning simulator apparatus for a purpose of teaching and learning module as a subject in schools, polytechnics, community colleges, universities and other institutions, to overcome the difficulties of teaching and learning as well as to improve the student knowledge and skills. The existing refrigeration and air conditioning simulator being used is too simple and is no fully equipped with the important parts such as pressure reading meter, before and after the components like compressor, condenser, evaporator and etc.  The present system has figured out a plurality of important aspects that need to be included in the system, Hopfully the present system can always be a reference materials to fasilitators and also students.   REFERENCES Althouse, A.D., Turnquist, C.H. & Bracciano, A.F. (2001). Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Goodheart WilcoxCU: USA Whitman, B. Johnson, B.  Tomczyck, T. (2004). Refrigeration and Air conditioning Technology, 5E. Thomson Delmar Learning:USA Dossat, R.J. &  Horan, T.J. (2002). Principles of Refrigeration. Prentice Hall:USA   - 24 - 

Pembangunan dan penilaian bahan pembelajaran berbantukan komputer (PBK) berasaskan CD interaktif bagi mata pelajaran pemasaran 1 di politeknik

Kajian ini adaiah bertujuan untuk membangun dan menilai bahan 

Pembelajaran Berbantukan Komputer (PBK) berasaskan CD Interaktif bagi mata 

pelajaran Pemasaran 1 yang dihasiikan oleh pengkaji. Peniiaian yang dibuat ialah 

dari segi penerimaan peiajar terhadap produk yang dibangunkan, peniiaian isi 

kandungan dan juga melihat kepada aspek mesra pengguna. Responden kajian terdiri 

daripada 45 orang peiajar Semester 1, Diploma Pemasaran di Politeknik Sultan 

Abdul Hamid Mu'adzam Shah, Jitra Kedah. Pemilihan sampei adalah secara 

bertujuan (pH/pose/M/ .yanzp/fngJ. Instrumen yang digunakan ialah jenis soal selidik di 

mana peniiaian dilakukan berdasarkan kepada maklum balas responden terhadap CD 

Interaktif Pemasaran 1 yang dihasiikan. Kesemua data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis 

7MgHggM7MAaH AafMrfca/ PacAagay For ^ocM/J Areas' (SP ^ Per-sw/: 77.0 yang 

melibatkan skor min dan peratus (kekerapan). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan 

penerimaan peiajar terhadap CD Interaktif Pemasaran 1 (skor min=3.14), isi 

kandungan (skor min = 3.48) dan antara muka mesra pengguna (skor min =3.19). 

Secara keseiuruhannya nilai skor min menunjukkan keputusan pada tahap tinggi. 

Daripada dapatan kajian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahawa PBK CD Interaktif 

Pemasaran 1 yang dihasiikan oleh pengkaji dapat diterima oleh peiajar, memadai dari 

segi isi kandungan dan juga dari aspek mesra pengguna. Oleh itu ia sesuai digunakan 

oleh peiajar-pelajar Diploma Pemasaran Semester 1 di peringkat politeknik. 

Cadangan- cadangan diberikan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana CD Interaktif 

Pemasaran 1 boleh dilaksanakan dengan lebih efektif dan efisien daiam usaha 

membantu memudahkan proses pembelajaran peiajar

1  FLAME SPREAD BEHAVIOR OVER COMBINED FABRIC OF COTTON/POLYESTER  Mohd Azahari Bin Razali1, Azwan Bin Sapit1, Mohd Faisal Bin Hushim1, Amir Bin Khalid1,  Suzuki Masataro2 and Masuda Wataru2  1Center for Energy and Industrial Environment Studies (CEIES), Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,  Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia  2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, Japan    ABSTRACT   Experiment has been conducted to study the flame spread behavior over combined fabric of cotton/polyester. Samples are ignited from the top edge and spread to the downward direction. Experiment is conducted for several weft trade angles from 0° to 90°. It is found that a significant difference is seen in the shape of burning front between θ = 0° and θ = 90°. This phenomenon is influenced by the shrinking behavior of polyester thread at most preceding point of flame front for these angles. The flame spread rate is measured, which is obtained from the position of the most preceding point of the burning front at each time, at different weft thread angle. The result shows that the flame spread rate decreases as the angle increases.    Keywords: Flame spread behavior, Flame spread rate, Combined fabric, and Weft thread angle.   INTRODUCTION  Fire safety engineering is an application of science to improve the safety from the destructive effects of the fire. There are many researches on the fire safety engineering have been done in the previous and it is beginning to focus the research on the technical capability for fire preventions in complex issues. In order to improve the technical capability for fire preventions, the fundamental approach is essential which can be applied at the design stage. Such approach requires detailed understanding of combustion process from an engineering viewpoint.    Flame spread over combustible solid is a basic problem in the field of fire safety engineering. There are several studies have been done in order to explore the flame spread behavior over combustible solid [1-6]. De Ris (1669) presented the theoretical description for a laminar diffusion flame spreading against an air stream over a thin sheet. The results suggested that the flame spread rate is dependent on the density and the thickness of solid. Campbell (1971) examined the burning characteristic of filter paper. The balance diagram shows the heat is required for the paper to decompose. Di Blasi (1994) proposed the mathematical model for the degradation of porous cellulosic fuels to volatiles and chars in order to simulate the downward flame spread. Suzuki et al. (1994) used various thickness of filter paper to explore the flame spread mechanism over solid fuel sheets. The experimental results indicated that the flame spread rate decreases as thickness of the solid increases.    Extending from previous works related to the flame spread behavior over combustible solid, several researches have been done also in order to examine flame spread behavior over fabric. Ding et al. (2014) conducted simulation to study large eddy simulation of fire spread. Authors stated that flame spread behavior have major relation with factors such as material, width, thickness, placed angle and atmospheric pressure. Osorio et al. (2012) conducted experiments to explore limiting conditions for flame spread in fire resistant fabrics. Results discovered that the increment in oxygen concentration will cause the external radiant flux required for flame spread to decrease. Flame spread characteristics of many thin materials will be varying with affect from thickness, external heat flux, oxygen concentration, pressure and forced flow velocity. It is also stated that limiting oxygen index (LOI) & maximum oxygen concentration (MOC) can be used to measure the flammability of material. Simultaneous flame spread is closely resemble upward flame spread, with just distinction is buoyant velocity replacing the forced flow velocity. Char layer formed when the material is heated up give effect on pyrolysis length of charring materials such as Nomex. The minimum conditions for simultaneous flame spread in fire resistant (FR) fabrics depend on externally applied radiant flux and oxygen concentration values. Bei et al. (2012) conducted experiment for study the burning behavior of fabric used indoor. It is found that when heat flux increase, the ignition of fabrics used are also increase. Higher heat flux will results in higher heat release rate and peak mass loss rate. The fabrics will burn violently. But when the amount of heat flux is low, smoke production rate and carbon oxide (CO) were higher. It is stated that the density of the structure and moisture content also has effects on burning behavior of fabrics. Bhalla et al. (1999) studied burn properties of fabrics and garments worn in India. Results indicated about the burning process of synthetics are not same with cottons or cotton–polyester blends. Heat flux, temperature and flame propagation are discussed in order to characterize the level of fire safety of the fabric. It is found that snug fitting clothes are safer than the same fabric used as loose fitting clothes.   2  Instead of the comprehension of the flame spread over fabric, it is also essential to understanding influence of combined fabric structure on flame spread behavior since data is still insufficient. This information is important in selecting material for interior furniture such as bedclothes, clothing, etc. Those products are often fabricated from the combination of natural and synthetic materials. Combined fabric made of cotton/polyester is often used in the market. Thus, in this study, the flame spread behavior over combined fabrics of cotton/polyester is explored. Cotton is used as the natural material, and polyester as the synthetic material.   EXPERIMENTAL METHOD  Fabric samples are made by means of a weaving machine. Plain weave is chosen as the structure of the fabric. The plain weave has warp threads perpendicular to weft threads. The fabric composed of different materials is referred to as a combined fabric. In this study, cotton is used as the warp thread and polyester as the weft thread. Tables 1 and 2 show the characteristic values of these threads and combined fabrics.   Table 1 Characteristic values of threads   Table 2 Characteristic values of combined fabrics                                    Figure 1 shows the schematic of the experimental setup. Before the burning test, the fabric sample is dried in a desiccator for more than 48 hours and the humidity in the desiccator is controlled to below 40%. The fabric sample is clamped to the holder and its area of 70 mm  90 mm is exposed to burn. A burner is used for igniting the fabric at a point on its top edge. The sample surface is illuminated by light from light sources placed in front of the sample. The surface of the sample is videotaped to observe the flame spread behavior. The weft thread angle θ is defined based on the direction of synthetic threads, as shown in the figure. The experiment is conducted for angles from θ = 0° to 90°.       RESULT AND DISCUSSION  FLAME SPREAD BEHAVIOR  Figure 2 shows shapes of flame front between θ = 0° and θ = 90°. As seen in Fig. 2(a), the flame front is in ‘V’ shape when the angle is 0°. On the other hand, flat shape is observed when the angle is 90° as shown in Fig. 2(b).  Figure 3 shows shapes of burning front for combined fabrics at θ = 0° and θ = 90°. The cotton thread discolors when it decomposes. The burning front is determined at the edge of the discoloration. It is seen in Fig. 3(a), when the flame approaches to a horizontally-lying synthetic thread from its side, the thread melts and breaks into two. The white circle (○) in the figure indicates this breaking point. After the ignition, the flame spreads outward in all directions from the ignition point.  After the burning front expands over the whole width of the sample, the shape turns to ‘V’ shape at this angle. The flame spreads faster at the breaking point than on the other part of the burning front. The white circles are marked on a straight vertical line and the burning front becomes ‘V’ shape.  However, a significant different is seen in shape of the burning front at θ = 90°. The flame spreads outward from the ignition point at the beginning. The shape becomes flat after the burning front expands over the whole width of the sample. There is some differences between θ = 0° and θ = 90°. The shape at θ = 90° is more flat than the shape at θ = 0°. Also, at θ = 90°, the fabric do not show breaking points. The vertically-standing synthetic thread melts from its top end and subsequently vaporizes.    Diameter, mm Linear density, g/m Cotton thread 0.46 0.087 Polyester thread 0.45 0.079  Number of threads per unit length, cm -1 Cotton thread Polyester thread Cotton/ polyester 7 7 3      The shape of burning front is influenced by the shrinking behavior of polyester thread. Figure 4 shows the shrinking behavior of polyester thread at θ = 0°. It is seen the polyester thread melts when the edge of discoloration on the cotton thread approaches. The polyester thread breaks into two and it pulls the cotton thread when it shrinks.    Figure 5 shows the different shrinking behavior of polyester thread at θ = 90°. The polyester thread melts and the molten polyester attaches to the cotton thread. As shows in (b) (2), the polyester thread melts gradually in the direction of the thread. The molten polyester attaches to the cotton thread and it pulls the cotton thread in the direction of polyester melting. The movement changes the distance between cotton threads. The distance becomes narrower as time increases.  Figure 6 shows the progress of decomposition on the cotton/polyester fabric at θ = 0°. The dotted line indicates the position of discoloration, and the arrow represents the movement of it. The figure shows that the cotton thread continues to discolor during the polyester thread melts and disappears.   Figure 7 shows the different between the weft thread angles on the progress of decomposition. It is seen the distance between cotton threads becomes narrower as the polyester thread continues to melt. The cotton thread discolors gradually as time increases.         4     FLAME SPREAD RATE  Flame spread rates are obtained from Fig. 3 by measuring the position of the most preceding point of the burning front at each time. In order to avoid the influence of the initial transition process after the ignition, the position is measured from x = 20 mm (to 60 mm), where x is the vertical distance from the top edge of the fabric in downward direction.   Figure 8 shows the flame spread rate of cotton/polyester fabric with respect to weft thread angle. Figure shows the flame spread rate at θ = 0° is fastest among all the angles. It is found the flame spread rate decreases as the weft thread angle decreases. This angle dependency of the flame spread rate may be influenced by the shrinking behavior of polyester thread at most preceding point of flame front.     As it is seen in Fig. 6, the distance between cotton threads becomes wider during the polyester thread melts and breaks at θ = 0°. On the other hand, it is different at θ = 90° as the distance between cotton threads tends to be narrower as the polyester thread continues to melt. The movement of the cotton threads may affected on the density of the fabric during the burning process, which can be the reason of this angle dependency of flame spread rate.    CONCLUSION  In this study, flame spread over combined fabrics of cotton/polyester is examined and following results are obtained:  1. Shapes of burning front differ between weft thread angles. This difference is presumed to be caused by different shrinking behaviors of polyester thread. 2. Angle dependency of flame spread rate is obtained, flame spread rate decreases as the angle increases.   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  The authors would like to thank Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE) for their financial support of the present work through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS-1465).     REFERENCES  [1] Suzuki, M. and Sato, K., “Building of Database for Contents-Analysis of Flame/Burning Zone Spread Studies”, Bull. of JAFSE, vol. 52, no. 5, (2002), pp 36-41. (in Japanese) [2] Wichman, I. S. and Williams, F. A., “A Simplified Model of Flame Spread in an Opposed Flow along a Flat Surface of a Semi-infinite Solids”, Combust. Sci. and Technol., vol. 32, (1983), pp 91. [3] Hirano, T., Koshida, T., and Akita, K., “Flame Spread Mechanism over PMMA Surfaces”, Bull. of JAFSE, vol. 27, no. 2, (1977), pp 33-39. (in Japanese) [4] Royal, J. H., “The Influence of fuel bed Thickness on Flame Spreading Rate”, Honours Report, Stevens Institute of Technology, (1970). [5] Magee, R. S., and Mc Alevy, R. F., “The Mechanism of Flame Spread”, Journal Fire and Flammability, vol. 2, (1971), pp 271-297.    [6] Suzuki, M., Kushida, H., Dobashi, R. and Hirano, T., “Effects of Humidity and Temperature on Downward Flame Spread over Filter Paper”, Proc. of 6th Int. Symp. On Fire Safety Science, (2000), pp 661-669. Fig. 8 Dependence of flame spread rate V on weft thread angle θ  Weft thread angle, θ, degree  Flame spread rate, V, mm/s     (a) t = t1         (b) t = t1 + 0.20 s   (c) t = t1 + 0.40 s   Fig. 7 Progress of decomposition  (θ = 90°) 2.5 mm 0 5  [7] De Ris, J. N., “Spread of a Laminar Diffusion Flame”, 12th Symp. (Int.) on Combust., (1969), pp 241-252. [8] Campbell, A. S., “Some Burning Characteristics of Filter Paper”, Combust. Sci. and Technol., vol. 3, (1971), pp 23-39. [9] Di Blasi, C., “Process of Flam Spreading over the Surface of Charring Fuels: Effect of the Solid Thickness”, Combust. and Flame, 97, (1994), pp1439-1446. [10] Suzuki, M., Dobashi, R., and Hirano, T., “Behavior of Fires Spreading Downward over Thick Paper”, 25th Symp. (Int.) on Combust., (1994), pp 1439-1446. [11] Ding, Y., Wang, C., & Lu, S.,. “Large Eddy Simulation of Fire Spread”, Procedia Engineering, (2014), pp 537-543. [12] Osorio, A. F., Fernandez-Pello, C., Urban, D. L., & Ruff, G. A., “Limiting Conditions for Flame spread In Fire Resistant Fabrics”’ Proc. of the Combustion Int., (2012), pp 2691-2697. [13] Bei, P., Liwei, C., & Chang, Lu, “An Experimental Study on the Burning Behavior of Fabric used Indoor”, Proc. of the Combustion Int., (2012), pp 2513-2521. [14] Bhalla, S. B., Kale, S. R., & Mohan, D., “Burn Properties of Fabrics and Garments Worn In India”, Accident Analysis and Prevention, (1999).  pp 407-420.              

Kajian ini adalah bertujuan untuk membangun dan menilai bahan Pembelajaran Berbantukan Komputer (PBK) berasaskan CD Interaktif bagi mata pelajaran Pemasaran 1 yang dihasilkan oleh pengkaji. Penilaian yang dibuat ialah dari segi penerimaan pelajar terhadap produk yang dibangunkan, penilaian isi kandungan dan juga melihat kepada aspek mesra pengguna. Responden kajian terdiri daripada 45 orang pelajar Semester 1, Diploma Pemasaran di Politeknik Sultan Abdul Hamid Mu'adzam Shah, Jitra Kedah. Pemilihan sampel adalah secara bertujuan (purposeful sampling). Instrumen yang digunakan ialah jenis soal selidik di mana penilaian dilakukan berdasarkan kepada maklurn balas responden terhadap CD Interaktif Pemasaran I yang dihasilkan. Kesemua data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis menggunakan Statistical Packages For social Sciences (SPSS) Version 11.0 yang melibatkan skor min dan peratus (kekerapan). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penenmaan pelajar terhadap CD lnteraktif Pemasaran I (skor min=3. I 4), isi kandungan (skor min = 3.48) dan antara muka mesra pengguna (skor min =3.19). Secara keseluruhannya nilai skor min menunjukkan keputusan pada tahap tinggi. Daripada dapatan kajian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahawa PBK CD Interaktif Pemasaran I yang dihasilkan oleh pengkaji dapat diterima oleh pelajar, memadai dari segi isi kandungan dan juga dari aspek mesra pengguna. Oleh itu ia sesuai digunakan oleh pelajar-pelajar Diploma Pemasaran Semester l di peringkat politeknik. Cadangan- cadangan dibe1ikan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana CD Tnteraktif Pemasaran 1 boleh dilaksanakan dengan lebih efektif dan efisien dalam usaha membantu memudahkan proses pembelajaran pelaja

Pembangunan dan penilaian bahan pembelajaran berbantukan komputer (PBK) berasaskan CD interaktif bagi mata pelajaran pemasaran 1 di politeknik

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