This thesis presents a FPGA-based digital controller for a DC-DC converter. The 

converter topologies chosen in this project is Non-Inverting Buck-Boost converter. 

The main difference from DSP-based solution is that FPGA allows simultaneous 

execution of all control procedures. The control algorithm has been developed using 

Verilog language based on the voltage control loop. The FPGA switching controller 

has been designed as simple as possible while maintaining the accuracy and dynamic 

response. The DE1 board is used to control the main circuit. Simulations and 

experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed method, opening interesting 

possibilities in motion and power electronics converter control

Abd. Rahman, Diyya Hidayah

Indonesian

UTHM Institutional Repository

p o w e r m m i m a m . FOR m o m m p a m m , o p t i c a t n e t w o r k I ' l v l i y n K R i i- 'iVi V i I V v t t i I 0-r/ V PERPUSTAKAAN KUi TTHO 3 OOOO 00054916 6 PSZ 19 : 16 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS • JUDUL: Power Budget Analysis of Broadcast Passive Optical Network Saya SESIPENGAJIAN : July 99/2000 Mohammad Faiz Liew Bin Abdullah (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah) * ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. ** Sila tanda ( V) SULIT • • TERHAD TIDAK TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau Kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972 ) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/bahan di mana penyelidikan di jalankan) (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) Alamat Tetap : 2, Pesiaran Tambun 1 Taman Tambun Baru 31400, Tambun, Ipoh, Perak. Tarikh : 28th OCTOBER 1999 (TANDA^AJfl6AN PENYELIA) Prof .Dr. Mohd Nor Bin Husain Nama Penyelia Tarikh : OCTOBER 1999 CATATAN : * Potong yang tidak berkenaan ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD. ^ Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Saijana secara penyelidikan atau disertai bagi pengajian secara keija kursus dan penyelidikan atau Laporan Projek Saijana Muda (PSM). BAHAGIAN A - Pengesahan Kerjasama* Adalah disahkan bahawa projek penyelidikan tesis ini telah dilaksanakan melalui keijasama antara dengan Disahkan oleh: Tandatangan : Tarikh: Nama : Jawatan : (Cop rasmi) * Jika penyediaan tesis/projek melibatkan kerjasama. BAHAGIAN B - Untuk Kegunaan Pejabat Sekolah Pengajian Siswazah Tesis ini telah diperiksa dan diakui oleh: Nama dan Alamat Pemeriksa Luar Nama dan Alamat Pemeriksa Dalam I Prof. Madya Dr. Sahbudin bin Shaari Department of Electrical, Electronics and System Engineering Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Prof. Madya Dr. Abu Bakar bin Mohammed Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik UTM, Skudai Pemeriksa Dalam II Nama Penyelia Lain (jika ada) Disahkan oleh PenolqngJPendaftar di SPS: Tandatangan : Tarikh : Nama : ABDUL HALIM BIN ABDUL RAHMAN Supervisor Approval " We declare that we have read this thesis and in our opinion this thesis in terms of contents and quality requirements is fulfil for the award purpose of degree Master of Electrical Engineering (Electronic Communication)". Signature Supervisor I Date 7 9 o p t igp Signature Supervisor II Date PROF. MADYA DR MOHD ZARAR BIN MOHD TKNT' 1 9 OCT 1999 POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS FOR BROADCAST PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK MOHAMMAD FAIZ LIEW BIN ABDULLAH A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree Master of Engineering (Electrical) Department of Electrical Engineering Institut Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn Universiti Teknologi Malaysia OCTOBER, 1999 i i DECLARATION STATEMENT I declare that this thesis entitled " Power Budget Analysis for Broadcast Passive Optical Network" is the result of my own research except as cited in references. This thesis has not been accepted for any degree and it is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any degree. jCXLlL-Signature : Name of Candidate : MOHAMMAD FAIZ LIEW BIN/yJDULLAH Date 28th OCTOBER 1999 i i i DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my beloved father, Mr. LIEW SIN WAH for all his loving and caring throughout my life, my loving mother, Mdm Lim Gwi Peng and brother, Liew Foo Keong for their encouragement and love, my loving wife, Anika Zaflah binti Mohd Rus for her support and love. i v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you ALLAH S.W.T for your blessing and guidance in completing this thesis. The author wishes to acknowledge all persons who have helped me during the period of research. Foremost the heartiest gratitude are due to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Mohd Nor bin Husain and Associate Prof. Dr. Mohd Zarar bin Mohd Jenu for their invaluable supervision, enthusiastic support and patient without which, this research would not have materialised. The author also wishes to record his sincere appreciation to friends for their advice and moral support. Thanks also to the staff members of Electrical Department of Engineering, Institut Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn, especially the Microprocessor lab for their equipment support throughout this research. Thanks to the participants of 1st East Asian Conference on Light-wave Systems, Laser and Opto-electronics (LISLO'99) and 1998 International Wireless and Telecommunications Symposium / Exhibition (IWTS'98) for their comment and advise. My appreciation to Encik Shobri Saad and Encik Zakaria Ali of MSC Projects Division, Telecom Malaysia Bhd for their information and comments towards my thesis. Last but not least, the author is indebted to his parents and wife for giving the moral supports, guidance, advice and blessing. V PAPERS PUBLISHED ARISING FROM THIS WORK 1. Mohammad Faiz Liew Abdullah, Mohd Nor Husain, Mohd Zarar Mohd Jenu (1999) " A Power Budget Analysis of FTTH Passive Optical Network". 1st East Asian Conference on Lightwave Systems, Laser and Opto-Electronics (LISLO'99). 2. Mohammad Faiz Liew Abdullah, Mohd Nor Husain, Mohd Zarar Mohd Jenu (1998) " A Basic Automatic System Design for FTTH". 1998 International Wireless and Telecommunications Symposium / Exhibition (IWTS'98). 3. Mohammad Faiz Liew Abdullah, Mohd Nor Husain, Mohd Zarar Mohd Jenu (1997) " Fiber To The Home (FTTH) - Potential And Reality ". Journal Insititut Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn (Disember 1997, Vol. 1). v i ABSTRACT Optical fibre technology is vital for broadband communication and multimedia applications because single-mode optical fibres have a very low attenuation and a vast bandwidth at 1.3|im and 1.55|im wavelengths regions. The ever increasing demand for high speed data transmission and multimedia applications will inevitably results in optical fibre communication being used to replace copper cables all the way to the subscriber's home. A long term saving in maintenance cost can also be expected. This thesis presents an idealised mathematical model of the power requirement of a simple broadcast Fibre To The Home (FTTH) network based on the bus, star and bus-star topologies. Power requirement at central office (CO) is one of the main parameters that must be taken into consideration by system designers in their planning for the implementation of FTTH. A mathematical model was developed for each of the topology, which relates the power needed at the CO to the parameters of the network such as fibre loss, coupling loss, splitters loss, detection method and signal quality. This software package requires input specifications from the designer, and the output is a complete power budget analysis in a graphical form which can be used to understand the behaviour of each topology related to its power requirement. The numerical results show close agreement with manual power budget calculation using the same set of input parameters. The results can serve as useful guidance for system designers to evaluate the capability at the central office. However, apart from the limited topologies, the software concentrates mainly on one way transmission and limited modulation techniques. Future improvement can be implemented based on the software developed in this thesis. v i i ABSTRAK Teknologi gentian optik merupakan satu teknologi yang penting dalam sistem perhubungan jalur luas dan penggunaan multimedia kerana gentian optik mod tunggal mempunyai kehilangan yang rendah dengan lebar jalur yang luas pada jarak gelombang 1.3[im dan 1.55fam. Permintaan yang tinggi untuk penghantaran data lebih cepat dan penggunaan multimedia akan mendorong gentian optik digunakan untuk menggantikan semua sambungan kabel kuprum hingga ke rumah pengguna. Dalam jangka masa panjang ia akan menjimatkan kos penyelenggaraannya. Tesis ini membentangkan satu model matematik keperluan kuasa penghantaran sehala sambungan gentian optik ke rumah mengenai rangkaian bus, rangkaian bintang dan rangkaian bintang-bus. Keperluan kuasa pada rangkaian pusat merupakan satu parameter utama yang perlu diambil kira oleh perekabentuk sistem dalam rancangan untuk mewujudkan sambungan gentian optik ke rumah. Satu model matematik telah dibangunkan untuk setiap rangkaian yang mengaitkan keperluan kuasa pada rangkaian pusat dengan parameter-parameter rangkaian seperti kehilangan gentian, kehilangan pembahagian, teknik-teknik pemodulatan dan kualiti isyarat. Perisian yang dibangunkan memerlukan spesifikasi data kemasukan daripada perekabentuk dan paparan keluarannya dapat digunakan untuk memahami ciri-ciri setiap topologi yang berhubungkait dengan keperluan kuasa. Keputusan pengiraan menggunakan perisian yang dibangunkan menunjukkan nilai yang hampir sama dengan pengiraan yang dibuat secara manual dengan menggunakan input parameter yang sama. Keputusan ini juga boleh membantu prekabentuk sistem dalam menilai keupayaan ibusawat pusat. Walaubagaimanapun, di samping daripada jenis rangkaian yang terhad, perisian yang dibangunkan hanya boleh membuat perkiraan keperluan kuasa untuk penghantaran sehala untuk beberapa jenis teknik pemodulatan. Namun demikian, perisian ini boleh dipertingkatkan lagi di masa akan datang berdasarkan perisian yang dibangunkan dalam kajian ini. v i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE i DECLARATION STATEMENT ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xvi LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xx LIST OF APPENDIX xxii CHAPTER TITLE PAGE I INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1 1.2 Background and Rational 2 1.3 Problem Statement 4 1.4 Research Objective 5 1.5 Research Scope 7 II OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL NETWORK DESIGN 2.1 General 2.2 System design methodology 8 9 i x 2.3 Full Access Network requirements specification 10 2.3.1 Service requirements and transmission rate 12 2.4 The principle of fibre to the home (FTTH) in networking 14 2.4.1 Types of network architecture 15 2.4.2 Passive optical Components 19 2.5 Power Budget Analysis in optical fibre network design 2.5.1 General 24 2.5.2 Relationship between design parameters 24 2.5.3 The determination of power budget relation to signal quality 25 2.6 Review on the development of Fibre to the home (FTTH) 2.6.1 FTTH experimental trial suggested by various countries 26 2.6.2 Computational aid for FTTH designers 41 2.6.3 FTTH experimental trial using EDFA 41 2.6.4 Images of evolution in residential houses in Japan 42 2.6.5 Future FTTH interface and connectors 45 2.7 Concluding Remarks 47 III DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR FIBRE TO THE HOME NETWORK 3.1 General 49 3.2 Importance of Power Budget Analysis 50 3.3 Losses due to splicing, fibre attenuation and etc 51 3.4 Couplers and splitters 54 3.5 Signal to noise ratio performance 3.5.1 Signal to noise at the optical receiver 57 3.5.2 BER and bit rate for digital transmission 58 xv 3.5.3 SNR and BER modulation schemes for analogue and digital transmission 59 3.5 Passive Optical Network Model Construction 62 3.6 Determination of power required for the maximum number of subscribers 90 3.7 Concluding Remarks 91 IV SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 4.1 General 93 4.2 Why Visual Basic? 94 4.3 An overview of Visual Basic 94 4.3.1 Visual B asic Environment 97 4.3.2 Visual Basic Event Procedure 101 4.3.3 Visual Basic Code Statements 101 4.3.4 Visual Basic Controls 102 4.4 Software Development: Algorithmic and Layout 103 4.5 Description of the Software Developed in this work 113 4.6 Example of the developed software layout 116 4.7 Conclusion 120 V SIMULATION OF THE SOFTWARE : RESULTS & DISCUSSION 5.1 General 121 5.2 Engineering properties 122 5.2.1 Transmission Limitations 122 5.3 Section One - Discussion on the Developed Models 123 5.4 Section Two - Discussion on the effect of parameters towards Model 5 132 5.5 Comparison of test results with other findings 154 x i 5.6 Concluding Remarks 158 VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 6.1 General 160 6.2 Engineering properties 160 6.2.1 Relationships between Power required and Input parameters 161 6.2.2 The ideal architecture 163 6.2.3 Software Development synthesis 164 6.2.4 FTTH network cost 164 6.3 Recommendations for further work 165 REFERENCES 168 APPENDIX Appendix A 177 Developed Software Source Code Appendix B 215 Developed Software Layout x i i LIST OF FIGURES NO. OF FIGURE TITLE PAGE 1.1 Optical Subscribers Loop System 5 2.1 Design Methodology 10 2.2 The Common Network Elements 11 2.3 Estimated Broadband Lines/year (G7) 12 2.4 Reference configuration for the access network 14 2.5 Tree Topology 15 2.6 Bus Topology 16 2.7 Example of a star-bus network 17 2.8 Example of a star network 18 2.9 Example of a ring network 19 2.10 Example of a basic coupling connection 22 2.11 Example of a branching coupler 22 2.12 Example of a splitting coupler 23 2.13 Basic structure of the distributed star network 27 2.14 Optimum PON architecture using asymmetric & symmetric optical splitters 29 2.15 TPON and BPON Architectures 30 2.16 BIDS Architecture 30 2.17 Two-fibre star architecture 32 2.18 Heathrow fibre system 35 2.19 Fibre routing for Heathrow 36 2.20 Passive Optical Network topology 37 x i i i 2.21 Reuse of drop and in-house wiring for local distribution of interactive multimedia TV to the home 40 2.22 FDM-PON system configuration 41 2.23 ATM-PON system configuration 41 2.24 SUPER PON architecture 43 2.25 Image of evolution phase 1 in Japanese residential houses 44 2.26 Image of evolution phase 2 in Japanese residential houses 45 2.27 Image of evolution phase 3 in Japanese residential houses 46 3.1 General Flow Chart for Power Budget Analysis 51 3.2 A simplified T-coupler 54 3.3 An arrangements in cluster of couplers to form a splitter 55 3.4 A simple star network 56 3.5 Fundamentals lightwave link 62 3.6 A simple FTTH layout 64 3.7 A simple FTTH layout with different distance 66 3.8 A single node bus topology 71 3.9 A double node bus topology 72 3.10 A triple node bus topology 73 3.11 A four nodes bus topology 74 3.12 A single node bus-star topology using directional coupler 77 3.13 A double node bus-star topology using directional coupler 78 x i v 3.14 A triple node bus-star topology using directional coupler 79 3.15 A single node bus-star topology using splitter 81 3.16 A double node bus-star topology using splitter 82 3.17 A triple node bus-star topology using splitter 83 3.18 A dynamic range single node bus-star topology using splitter 86 3.19 A dynamic range double node bus-star topology using splitter 87 3.20 A dynamic range triple node bus-star topology using splitter 88 3.21 The co-tap 90 4.1 The Visual Basic Environment and Windows Toolbar 97 4.2 A Visual Basic Form Layout 98 4.3 The Toolbox for Visual Basic 98 4.4 The current selected control is shown in the Properties Window 99 4.5 Structure Chart for Power Budget Analysis Software 105 4.6 Flow Chart for Power Budget Analysis Software 106 4.7 a) Sub Menu Flow Chart for Fibre Information and b) Types of Topology 107 4.8 The Developed Software Main Menu Screen 116 4.9 Menu Screen for Selection Transmission Technique 117 4.10 Digital Modulation Calculation Layout 117 4.11 Message Box to remind user 117 4.12 Input Parameter Value by user 118 4.13 The Result Display Box 118 xx 4.14 The Graph Result Plotted with Microsoft Chart 119 4.15 Example of Fibre optics Information 119 5.1 The generated result of Model 1 125 5.2 The generated result of Model 2 126 5.3 The generated result of Model 3 127 5.4 The generated result of Model 4 (Bus Topology) 129 5.5 The generated result of Model 4 (Star Topology) 129 5.6 The generated result of Model 4 (Bus-Star using Coupler Topology) 130 5.7 The generated result of Model 4 (Bus-Star using Splitter Topology) 130 5.8 The Variance of Coupling Factors in each node 131 5.9 Attenuation variant of 0.5 dB for 2, 4, 8, 16 & 32 subscribers 134 5.10 Attenuation variant for 2 subscribers 135 5.11 Attenuation variant for 4 subscribers 135 5.12 Attenuation variant for 8 subscribers 136 5.13 Attenuation variant for 16 subscribers 136 5.14 Attenuation variant for 32 subscribers 137 5.15 Splitter Loss variant of 0.5 dB for 2,4, 8, 16 & 32 subscribers 138 5.16 Splitter Loss variant for 2 subscribers 139 5.17 Splitter Loss variant for 4 subscribers 139 5.18 Splitter Loss variant for 8 subscribers 140 5.19 Splitter Loss variant for 16 subscribers 140 5.20 Splitter Loss variant for 32 subscribers 141 5.21 Distance variant of 0.5km for 2, 4, 8, 16 & 32 subscribers 142 5.22 Distance variant of 3km for 2, 4, 8, 16 & 32 subscribers 143 xxi 5.23 Distance variant of 0.1km to 0.5km for 2 subscribers 143 5.24 Distance variant of 0.1km to 0.5km for 4 subscribers 144 5.25 Distance variant of 0.1km to 0.5km for 8 subscribers 144 5.26 Distance variant of 0.1km to 0.5km for 16 subscribers 145 5.27 Distance variant of 0.1km to 0.5km for 32 subscribers 145 5.28 Distance variant of 0.5km to 3km for 2 subscribers 146 5.29 Distance variant of 0.5km to 3km for 4 subscribers 146 5.30 Distance variant of 0.5km to 3km for 8 subscribers 147 5.31 Distance variant of 0.5km to 3km for 16 subscribers 147 5.32 Distance variant of 0.5km to 3km for 32 subscribers 148 5.33 Subscriber variant for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 & 128 subscribers at 155Mb/s 149 5.34 Subscriber variant for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 & 128 subscribers at 128kb/s 150 5.35 Subscriber variant for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 & 128 subscribers at 128kb/s 150 5.36 Analogue Non-Modulation Power variant for Bandwidth 4GHz 151 5.37 Analogue Non-Modulation Power variant for Bandwidth 1GHz 152 x v i i 5.38 Digital Modulation Power variant for Coherent Detection 153 5.39 Optical Power Curves of downstream bus Architecture 157 5.40 Example of Telecom Malaysia FTTH Architecture 157 6.1 Active Access 166 6.2 Hybrid Access 167 x v i i i LIST OF TABLES NO. OF TABLE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Summary of service requirements 13 2.2 Classification of Passive Optical Components according to function 21 2.3 Classification of Passive Optical Components according to Port number 21 2.4 French fibre to the home cities 26 2.5 Schematic representation of interfaces and connectors 47 3.1 Connector performance 53 3.2 Characteristics of several directional couplers 70 4.1 Standard Visual Basic naming convention 100 4.2 Visual Basic common data types 111 5.1 Example of Input Parameters 124 5.2 Input Parameters for Model 4 128 5.3 The fixed input parameters 133 5.4 Optical Distribution Network component loss for bi-directional transmission 155 5.5 Allowed distances ranges 155 LIST OF SYMBOL Ac - Peak Amplitude of subcarrier B - Bandwidth Ba - Bandwidth of intensity modulated optical signal Bm - Bandwidth of intensity modulated optical signal BT - Bitrate c - Speed of light (3 x 108) Cl - Total channel loss Df - Frequency Deviation Ratio e - Charge of an electron erfc - Complementary error function Fn - Noise Figure F(M) - Excess Avalanche Noise Factor h - Planck's Constant (6.634 x 1034) Id - Dark current Ip - Photocurrent K - Coupling Factor or Boltzmann's constant L - Distance in km Lcr - Connector loss Le - Loss due to splitter in dB Lj - Splicing loss m - Number of connector M - Avalanche Multiplication Factor ma - Modulation index Ma - Safety Margin 

FPGA-based digital controller for dc-dc converter

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