Pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran merupakan sebahagian daripada proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji amalan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran bagi guru-guru sekolah kluster kecemerlangan (SKK) sekolah rendah Zon Selatan Semenanjung Malaysia. Secara terperinci, ia memberi maklumat tentang tahap pemahaman konsep asas pentaksiran dalam pendidikan dan menilai amalan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan. Kajian juga turut menilai hubungan amalan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran mengikut profil demografi serta menentukan sumbangan yang signifikan strategi pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran terhadap amalan pentaksiran yang dilaksanakan di bilik darjah. Kaedah kajian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pendekatan kuantitatif melibatkan kaedah tinjauan dijalankan pada fasa pertama kajian. Pendekatan kualitatif melibatkan kajian kes dijalankan pada fasa kedua untuk menyokong dan menerangkan lebih lanjut dapatan kajian fasa pertama. Pada fasa pertama seramai 152 orang guru dari 9 buah sekolah SKK sekolah rendah Zon Selatan, Semenanjung yang mengajar mata pelajaran teras iaitu Bahasa Malaysia, Bahasa Inggeris, Matematik dan Sains untuk menjawab satu set soal selidik. Pada fasa kedua seramai 8 orang guru yang terdiri daripada 4 orang guru mata pelajaran teras dan 4 orang guru yang terlibat dalam pengurusan pentaksiran dipilih berdasarkan persampelan bertujuan untuk ditemu bual dan 8 orang guru mata pelajaran teras dipilih untuk pemerhatian pengajaran. Dapatan kajian terhadap tahap pemahaman konsep asas dan tujuan pentaksiran menunjukkan tahap pemahaman yang sangat jelas. Dapatan amalan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran berdasarkan tujuh strategi amalan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran menunjukkan secara keseluruhannya berapa pada tahap tinggi dengan amalan yang kerap dilakukan kecuali pada strategi keempat dan ketujuh mempunyai tahap amalan yang sederhana dengan amalan sesekali sahaja dilaksanakan oleh guru-guru tersebut. Berdasarkan profil demografi, dapatan menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara faktor jantina guru, pengalaman guru, dan mata pelajaran yang diajar dengan amalan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran. Sebagai sumbangan, kajian ini mencadangkan satu panduan dan kerangka pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran yang boleh digunapakai oleh semua guru di sekolah

Khamis, Senin

English

UTHM Institutional Repository

978-1-4244-2328-6/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEEImplementation of Network-based Smart Order SystemMohd Helmy Abd Wahab1, Herdawatie AbdulKadir2, Nadiah Ahmad31,2,3Faculty of Electrical and ElectronicEngineeringUniversiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia{Helmy},{ watie}@uthm.edu.myAriffin Abdul Mutalib4, Mohd Farhan MohdMohsin54,5Faculty of Information TechnologyUniversiti Utara Malaysia{am.ariffin},{ farhan}@uum.edu.myAbstractThis paper presents the development of smart ordersystem in restaurant. The development of the system isprimarily concerned to integrate and provide networksystem rather than the stand alone system whichindicates the use of networking capabilities couldprovide efficient data communication as well asimproved the management in restaurant. Thedevelopment of the system strictly follows the systemdevelopment life cycle. Generally, the system can bedivided into 2 main components which are hardwaredesign which are not discussed in details here andsystem development which primarily goals of thepaper. The results indicate that the system works finewith the data communication works as planned.1. IntroductionRestaurants are one of favorite premises. With noregard to the actual reasons for visiting restaurants,customer will make orders and wait for the orderedmeals. However, it is common if customers complainfor not feeling satisfied about the services offered.There are many reasons leading to the feeling ofdissatisfaction including being entertained late in termsof order taking by the waiter and meals serving. Theissue of being late entertained could be solved withhelp of the advancement in the technologies ofcommunication.In accordance, this study initiates an integrated andnetworked system, with the focus is on its ability tosolve the above-described limitations in order taking.This study names the system as Smart Order System inRestaurants (SOSIR). In definition, SOSIR is anintegrated system, developed to assist restaurantmanagement groups by enabling customers toimmediately make orders on their own selves. Thiswill minimize the number of minutes to wait for themeal serving. An overview of SOSIR in provided inthe following paragraph.SOSIR was developed with the emergence of RS-232, DB-9, a set of keypads, microcontroller, displaypanels, and transmission cables. Besides, MicrosoftVisual Basic 6.0 was used for programming andMicrosoft Access for the database. Figure 1 illustratesthe system architecture.Figure 1. SOSIR highest architectureIn the restaurant, each table is provided with akeypad, in which customers use to make orders. Thekeypad is connected to a server which acts as thecentral point of the system. In operation, customers arejust required to enter the menu codes into the system assoon as they are seated. The codes will then be sent tothe central point, and displayed at two display panels;978-1-4244-2328-6/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEEone at the cashier counter and another at the kitchen fordifferent reasons. The display at the kitchen is used bythe cook to prepare the meals, while the display at thecounter is important for calculating the total prices.This study aims at (1) investigating the informationflow in restaurants between customers and themanagement, (2) developing a prototype, and (3)testing the prototype in terms of its functionalities.There were some works developed for similar reasons,and are described in the next section.2. Related WorkThe works to develop systems serving as smartordering assistants have been revealed in literatures ofprevious studies. This paragraph and the subsequentdescribes about the works. In October 2002, CharlieHogg built an order system in restaurants, which waspromoted by PixelPoint Technologies in Ontario,known as PixelPoint 2000 [1]. The similarity betweenthis system and the developed system is it allowscustomers to make orders and all calculation processeswere performed by the system. In contrast, it wasworking in wireless Local Area Network (LAN)environment.LRS Restaurant Server Pager Starter Kit [2] isanother example of similar system. Similarly, itimproves service quality and reduces customers’waiting time, however it needs batteries, transmitters,pager and pager server to work, and available in UHFfrequency range at 467 MHz. This technology hassome limitations because current communicationtechnologies could be much simpler without need tosubject to frequency range.According to ABCS International [3], theydeveloped a Billpro Pocket® for similar purposes.This system takes orders directly from the customerstable and it could manage tables in real time with theability to enter and store orders information from anyother stationary or handheld workstations. It alsoimmediately fires orders out to one or more remoteprinters in the kitchen. It will send orders andcomments back and forth between the dining room andkitchen. Furthermore, the system requests checks andpayment right from the Pocket PC and controls ordersflows more effectively. The system runs on Windowsand takes orders directly from the customers’ tables,which are similar to SOSIR. Meanwhile, it is dissimilarin terms of the hardware specifications, in which it usesPocket PC, touch-screen handhelds, and the wirelessWIFI 802.11x network.Business Plus Accounting Restaurant 8.0 is a systemdeveloped by Business Software Solution Inc.. It is apoint-of-sales system that combines with account ofbusiness software package ‘Business Plus Accounting’[4]. The combinations include almost the entirefacilities in restaurant management. The operationbetween this system and SOSIR is same but a waiter isrequired for entering orders at the server station to beautomatically printed in the kitchen.Another attempt is Abacre Restaurant POS 2.0 [5],in which it performs all similar functions as SOSIR butit integrates the complete restaurant operations and lifecycle. AMIGO Restaurant P0S 4.10 [6], which wasdeveloped for restaurants, pizzerias, grocery stores,retail outlets and quick service franchises has someadditional functions to accept credit card processing,unlimited bar tabs, and redesigned quick pay screen forfast food.Billpro POS for Restaurant 6.65 H [3] is completeprofessional Point-Of-Sale and Back Office software.In this system, customers can keep their accessauthenticated by setting appropriate password, canpersonalized the display and language, and paymentscan be edited such as for making discounts.The work by [7] demonstrates a system designed toquickly take orders and send orders’ informationwirelessly. Similarly, the system uses keypad totransmit the data, place every keypad at each table, anduses two personal computers. However, it useswireless RF transmission for data transmission. Thework in [8] uses Microsoft Access to develop thedatabase, while Visual Basic was used to develop thesystem interface. It also displays information at thecounter and in the kitchen, similar to SOSIR. Incustomer division, PIC 16F84 needs to program forkeypad functionality moreover customer can enter theorder through the keypad at each customer table.Kanyaboina [9] provides a software infrastructureto the restaurant management automation. Whencustomer arrives it looks at the current state of therestaurant and finds out the perfect match according tothe preferences of the customer. If seats are notavailable it indicates the approximate amount ofwaiting time to the customer and at the same timeutilizes his waiting time by allowing customer tobrowse through the interactive menu provided on theiPAQ1 wireless [3] and make order.The works described in the above paragraphs havedemonstrated that it is possible to have a computerizedrestaurant ordering system for handling the issues ofbeing late entertained for order taking and mealserving. This supports the work to develop SOSIRstrongly, especially SOSIR development requires small1 iPAQ is a multimedia-centric PDA with versatile expansioncapabilities from Compaq.978-1-4244-2328-6/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEEbudget yet the data transmission is highly reliablebecause it implements client-server technology. Thenext section describes the works involved indeveloping SOSIR.3. MethodologyThe processes of developing SOSIR were dividedinto five phases, as is always suggested in traditionalinformation systems development life cycle. Figure 2depicts the stages of works in this study.Figure 2. MethodologyIt started with investigation phase, where observationson the current system together with an initialinvestigation on customer feedbacks were carried out.The problem as stated in the early section wasformulated. Also in this phase, literature studies werecarried out to search for related works in previousattempts. The previous section describes some of theoutcome, in which they support the development ofSOSIR. In addition, in this phase, the systemrequirement was identified. Limitations in existingsystem as elaborated in the previous section were notedas guidance, to ensure data loss is minimized anddevelopment and implementation cost is low.Having determined the problem and gatheredsufficient resources, the analysis of information flowwere carried out in the analysis phase. Five restaurantswere visited for observing the nature. In normalpractice, all restaurants apply similar steps; starts withthe waiter take order and customers have to wait for themeal. In the mean time, the particular waiter willinform the cook about the order (in preferred way), andthe cook prepares the intended meals based-on first-in-first-prepared basis. Having finished having the meal,customers go to the cashier, and the total price iscalculated. The customers leave the restaurant afterpaying the bill. All transactions with the correct orderwere listed for later reference in the designing phase.Those processes in the normal system are changed inSOSIR. The first section has elaborated the processesand is depicted illustratively in Figure 3.Figure 3. Information flow with SOSIR in arestaurantIn Figure 3, the processes starts with thecustomers make order after having seated. Then theorder is transmitted into the database, andsimultaneously displayed at two display panels locatedin the kitchen and at the cashier counter. The displaypanels list the latest order at the bottom of the currentlist. If the order is complete, then the cook will startpreparing the meals, and simultaneously the computerat the cashier counter calculated for the total price.The transaction ends with the payment processes whichinclude the receipt issuance.In the designing phase, the researchers focused onthe interaction design and database design. Figure 4depicts the entities involved in SOSIR, while Figure 5presents the relational model for SOSIR. Theunderlined attributes in Figure 5 are primary keys.Investigation PhaseAnalyzing PhaseDesign PhaseImplementation PhaseMaintenance Phase978-1-4244-2328-6/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEEFigure 4. Entity relationship diagramGuestTable (TableId)Order (OrderId, TableId, Quantity, Total, Data,FoodId)Food( FoodId, FoodName, FoodType, Unitprice)Figure 5. Relational modelThe development and maintenance stages includethe tasks to develop and test the SOSIR. The diagramsoutcomes from activities in the previous stage weretranslated into programming codes. Having the systemready, some tests for checking the functionalities asoutlined in Figure 3 were carried out.This section outlines the research methodology,and presents some diagrams related for developing theSOSIR. The next section describes the development ofSOSIR at length.4. DevelopmentAs stated earlier, SOSIR has been developed withMicrosoft Access and Visual Basic 6.0. From thediagrams in Figures 3, 4, and 5, it is sufficient to divideSOSIR into two different modules; (1) administrationmodule, and (2) restaurant module. Administrationmodule is only accessible by registered personnel,where they could do modification to the existing datasuch as the meal prices. Meanwhile, the restaurantmodule is accessible by customers and all personnel, inwhich customers make orders and the staffs entertain tothe orders and calculate the total prices. Figure 6depicts the flow charts for administration module.Figure 6. Flow chart for administration moduleIn Figure 6, the system administrator must be registeredfirst to have access to the module. The registeredadministrators need to enter their username andpassword during login. They can perform twofunctions in administration module, i.e. to update theprice for existing meals and to add, delete, or updatethe meals’ descriptions.The flow for restaurant module starts withcustomer enters their orders. The orders are then besent to the server and stored in the database. At thedisplay panels, the restaurant staffs can click the “ViewGuess Order” button to view all existing orders. Next,the staffs can click the “View Kitchen Monitor” buttonto view current status of any order. This is important,because sometimes customers would want to canceltheir orders, and this is possible if the status shows thatthe order has not yet been prepared. At the counter, thecashier will click the “view Total Cost” button to viewthe total prices. After payment is made, the staff coulddelete the order from the database. These steps areshown in Figure 7.GuestTableOrderFood978-1-4244-2328-6/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEEFigure 7. Flow for restaurant moduleFunctions in SOSIR have been tested, toinvestigate whether they work as intended. The resultsof the test are elaborated in the next section.5. ResultsIn SOSIR, there were three aspects tested toinvestigate its functionality, whether they work well,they are (1) the configuration for the connectionbetween computers at the counter and in the kitchen,(2) connection for both in the software system, and (3)the interface.To test the first function, hardware matter was themain concern. When customers send orders, the orderswill first reach the machine at the counter. Then theorders will be displayed and simultaneously transmittedfor display at the monitor in the kitchen. The settingswere prepared, with the connection using Ethernetcrossover technology. Figure 8 illustrates the setting.The settings were successful, in which the signalis received on both computers. The Ethernet crossovercould be used for this type of application, and the resultis provided with real image in Figure 9.Figure 8. Connection of computersFigure 9. Signal is received at both computersIn testing the second function, where the softwarewas the major focus, SOSIR was run completely.There is a sharing folder to enable both computers tocommunicate in real time. The sharing folders on bothcomputers were opened and SOSIR was run on bothcomputers. It was intended to have updated SOSIRdisplay appears on both computers in real time. Theresults can be seen in Figure 10, in which bothcomputers display updated SOSIR displaysimultaneously. This can be deduced that testing theconnection for both computers in software systemgenerate positive result.Figure 10. SOSIR is viewed on both computersFinally, the third function was tested. In SOSIR,customers’ orders can be viewed on system interfacesafter the orders are transmitted through the hardwarepart. However, this phase only focused for thecustomer orders inserted manually by customers fortesting its functionality through the networking. Oncethe customers’ orders received at cashier computer, theorders are also received at kitchen computer. Thecomputer in the kitchen displays only the ‘ViewKitchen Monitor’ option, while the computer at thecounter displays all options for more transactionsmanagement.When customers’ orders are inserted manuallyinto the system from more than one table, the sequenceof orders can be viewed at both computers. While the978-1-4244-2328-6/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEEcustomers’ orders are received at ‘Guest Table’interface, it also appears at ‘Kitchen Monitor’ interfacesimultaneously on the computer in the kitchen asillustrated in Figure 11.(a) (b)Figure 11. (a) Guest order and (b) queuedorder in kitchenThe cook prepares the orders on the first-in-first-prepared basis. After the customers’ orders have beenprepared, the cook must click the ‘Done’ button to senda message that the meals are prepared for serving. Thiswill also result in automatic calculation for the totalprices. The Status remains ‘0’ until payment processesare done. Part of the payment processes, a valid receiptis generated after an authorized staff clicks ‘Print’button. After that, the status is changed to ‘-1’. Figure12 provides some screenshots for these states.(a) (b)Figure 12. (a) The status completed at kitchen(b) Completed cook is sent to cashier(a) (b)Figure 13. (a) Payment at counter, (b) Receiptof paymentThe results of third test were good enough asevidences to claim that SOSIR is functionally workingwell. In short, this section provides a set of testingprocedure for SOSIR, and found that all test come outwith good results. In addition, there are somediscussions about SOSIR and recommendations forenhancement, and provided in the next section.6. Discussion and RecommendationSOSIR has demonstrated a successful system forrestaurant transaction management. It also requiresonly a small budget, with common easily findablehardware technology, making all restaurants able toimplement. However does not cater for major businessissues, especially in supporting business strategies. Inrelation, a business initiative is an important strategyfor company growth, as well as customer relationshipmanagement. Currently, SOSIR does not look intothese aspects. It is good for a restaurant to have SOSIRable to store information about their customers. In abig restaurant, the top management would need SOSIRto be able to help them coming out with certain kindsof planning, including promotion during certainseasons, membership discounts, and so on.7. References[1] C. Hogg (October 2002) “The Wireless Gourmet”http://www.sybase.com (6 March 2007)[2] Advanced Analytical, Inc (October 2004) “LRSRestaurant Server Pager” http://www.foodsoftware.com(6 March 2007)[3] ABCS International “Billpro Pocket®” and“Billpro POS for Restaurant 6.65 H” http://abcs-international.com (6 March 2007)[4] Business Software Solution, Inc “Business PlusAccounting Restaurant Profesional 8.0” (2003)http://www.businesssoftware.com (9 March 2007)[5] Abacre, SARL “Abacre Restaurant Point Sales ofSales 2.0” http://www.abacre.com (9 March 2007)[6] Amigo “AMIGO Restaurant POS 4.10”http://www.amigopos.com (9 March 2007)[7] Intan Zarina Binti Ghazali (2005), “Developmentof Wireless Smart Order System (Hardware)”, BatuPahat, Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn978-1-4244-2328-6/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE[8] Farah Azura Binti Abdul Rahman, “Smart OrderSystem in Restaurant (Software)”, Batu Pahat, KolejUniversiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn, 2005[9] Rajanikanth Kanyaboina, “E-Staurant: A SoftwareInfrastructure for Restaurant”, University of Florida,2001

Amalan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran guru-guru sekolah kluster kecemerlangan sekolah rendah zon selatan

http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/13698/

Amalan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran guru-guru sekolah kluster kecemerlangan sekolah rendah zon selatan

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

UTHM Institutional Repository