This thesis aims is to evaluate the synthesis and characterization of ultra violet (UV) curable renewable polymer graphite (RPG) composites. Accordingly, the renewable polymeric composites were prepared through a film slip casting method at room temperature wherein graphite particles of various weight loadings were mixed with mass proportion 2:1 of renewable monomer and Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate, MDI respectively. The main concerned was given to renewable monomer based vegetable cooking oil produced at the SPEN-AMMC UTHM. The morphology-structural relation of the RPG composites confirmed that the graphite particles contain functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxylic groups are randomly distributed and attributed to formation of interconnected interface within the polymeric composites. Furthermore, as the graphite particle loading increased, the thermal degradation temperature at three distinct decomposition stages shifted and to some extent, resulting in much higher crystallinity. As expected, the mechanical properties of the composites were also enhanced with the modulus and tensile strength increment up to ~440% and ~100% respectively. Significantly, all of these results correlate with viscoelastic properties in which the composites achieved percolation threshold at RPG20 composites. Moreover, the decreased in optical energy band gap (Eg) which afterwards took the leads to electrical conductivity (σ). Aptly, the composites (RPG20, RPG25 and RPG30) were found to possess favorable electrical conductivity range of 10-5 – 10-4 S/m, while all other samples were deemed to be not conductive due to improper dispersion of graphite particulates. On the contrary, UV curable composites did not show any significant enhancement and graphite particle acted as UV stabilizer in this manner. Therefore, the stability of the conductive renewable polymer graphite composite is suitable to be used in various composites applications

Abdullah, Nur Munirah

English

UTHM Institutional Repository

                                                                                                         1038        Abstract—Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical etwork (WDM-PO) is generally an extreme efficient future-proof optical transport technology used in Access and Metro transport networks. It enables highly efficient use of the outside fiber plant by providing point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple remote locations through a single feeder fiber. The Passive Optical etwork (PO) is optical fiber based network architecture, which can provide much higher bandwidth in the access network compared to traditional copper-based network. Incorporating Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) in Passive Optical etwork (PO) allow one to support much higher bandwidth compared to the standard PO. In designing the WDM-PO system, few parameters such as bit rate, power transmit, and fiber length should be considered because it will affect the system performance. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify the best length and suitable bit rate in WDM-PO architecture for star architecture with 64 end users. This project is focusing on one design parameter against two performance parameters; distance vs. bit error rate (BER) and distance vs. power received at various bit rates. The simulation results are produced using Optisystem 6.0. From the experimental results, the performance of WDM-PO can be affected by various parameters.        Keywords: Wavelength Division Multiplexed, Passive Optical Network, Optisystem. I. INTRODUCTION ith the rapid growing world of networking, more and more accent is being concern on speed, connectivity as well as performance [1]. With many developers being concern in designing super gadget in networking, all are being concern to fulfill the needs of today’s computer world. High speed networking, voice communication, music downloading, Internet gaming, video conferencing as well as multiple HD streaming are the key factor of leading to discover the new technology [2].  One of the current concerns is toward emerging Passive Optical Network (PON) architecture to Wavelength Division Multiplex Passive Optical Network (WDN-PON). This technology is trusted to increase bandwidth by dividing a single fiber into multiple wavelengths, each capable of carrying the same bandwidth that previously required an entire fiber [2]. The Passive Optical Network (PON) is optical fiber based network architecture, which can provide much higher bandwidth in the access network compared to traditional copper-based networks. This architecture can serve multiple applications for both the business and residential customer. Incorporating wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in a PON allows one to support much higher bandwidth compared to the standard PON, which operates in the “single-wavelength mode” where one wavelength is used for upstream transmission and a separate one is used for downstream transmission [3]. In designing the WDM-PON system, few parameters such as bit rate, power transmit, and fiber length should be considered because it will affect the system performance. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify the best length and suitable bit rate in WDM-PON architecture for star architecture with 64 end users. This project is focusing on one design parameter against two performance parameters; distance vs. bit error rate (BER) and distance vs. power received at various bit rates. The simulation results are produced using Optisystem 6.0.  This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 and 3 discusses literature review and technology reviews of WDM-PON architecture. Section 4 discusses the design of the project. The finding of this project is discussed in Section 5. Lastly is the conclusion.   Nik Shahidah Afifi bt. Md. Taujuddin is with the Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor (corresponding author’s phone: +607-4537658; fax: +607-4536060; e-mail: shahidah@ uthm.edu.my).  Maisara Othman is with the Department of Communication Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor. (e-mail: maisara@uthm.edu.my). Zarina Tukiran is with the Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor. (e-mail: zarin@uthm.edu.my).   Optimization for the Best Performance for Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network  Nik Shahidah Afifi bt. Md. Taujuddin, Maisara Othman and Zarina Tukiran W      Proceedings of EnCon2008                                                                         2nd Engineering Conference on Sustainable Engineering Infrastructures Development & Management  December 18 -19, 2008, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia                                                                                                                                                                   ECO2008-F-28                                                                                                           1039 II. LITERATURE REVIEW   Figure 1 WDM-PON supports multiple services [4]  Figure 1 illustrates the general architecture for WDM-PON. As can be seen in the figure, WDM-PON can be alleged as general-purpose architecture that can serve multiple applications for multiple users [4].  The central office (CO) is connected to the end users by using optical fiber. In the middle of these two components is a splitter which divided wavelengths to each end user. The length of each end user was different depending on the number of end user. There are two types of transmission that is downstream and upstream. Downstream is a transmission from CO to the subscribers (end user) while upstream is a transmission from the subscribers to the CO. Each transmission will gives different results of performance parameters depending on type of design parameter that used in the transmission. This system used WDM that uses multiple optical wavelengths to assign a separate WDM channel for each subscriber and also increase upstream and downstream bandwidth available to the end users. Today WDM-PON’s used multiplexer and demultiplexer in order to split the channel to the subscribers. PON is a point-to-multipoint (P2MP) network architecture that do not use electricity powered components to split the signal. Instead, the signal is distributed using beam splitters that typically split a fiber into 64 channels. The characteristics of PON favor the configuration called fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) in which the subscribers are connected to the CO using fiber optic.  The PON are the most important class of fiber access systems in the world today. PONs was originally developed in the 1980’s as a cost effective method of sharing fiber infrastructure for narrowband telephony (TPON) to business premises. Since those early days the application of PONs has moved on to interactive broadband networks implemented as either Broadband PON (BPON) or Ethernet PON (EPON) and now, Gigabit PON (GPON). A PON consists of an Optical Line Termination (OLT) at the communication company’s office and a number of optical network units (ONUs) near end users. In a stand-alone system, a PON could deliver up to 622 Mbps downstream to the user and up to 155 Mbps upstream. By adapting wavelength division multiplexing as a transmission scheme, this bit rate was increased and can be up to 1.2 Gbps, 2.5 Gbps and 10 Gbps. Multiple users of a PON could be allocated portions of this bandwidth. A PON could also serve as a trunk between a larger system, such as a CATV system, and a neighborhood, building, or home Ethernet network on coaxial cable [5]. Although the PON provides higher bandwidth than traditional copper-based access networks, there exists the need for further increasing the bandwidth of the PON by employing WDM so that multiple wavelengths may be supported in either or both upstream and downstream directions. WDM-based PONs allocates separate wavelengths for each individual subscriber, creating a secure, point-to-point channel between the subscriber and the CO. A transparent optical layer enables the transmission of any service or service mix at any speed.  III. TECHNOLOGY REVIEW  In an access network, there are many ways to multiplex data in the transmission line such as time division multiplexing (TDM) and wavelength division multiplexing. This paper discusses the WDM transmission as this research focuses on WDM technology. WDM is a bidirectional multiplexing using different optical wavelength for up and downstream signals. It is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals. The purpose of WDM is to increase the transmission and reception capability of fiber optic cable systems. WDM is a technology that transmits different types of data at distinct optical wavelengths over a single fiber channel as shown in Figure 2.  The technology will let users transmit large volumes of data, video or voice over a fiber backbone. This technology is possible because there is different transmission speed along refractive index of material and wavelength when light first passes through material then as feature of light. This phenomenon which allows the sun spectrum to show different color by                                                                                                          1040 wavelength from visible beam domain as it passes through a prism, each wavelength having a different refraction index. In other words, invisible optics from WDM transmission system is transmitted through optical fiber by different routes depending on wavelength. Therefore, WDM method is also called chromatic multiplexing. WDM provides dedicated point-to-point connections to each user without any of the concerns associated with multiple users sharing a single downstream-transmission channel.   Figure 2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing system  The first PON proposal was made by British Telecom in 1987. Typical of most PONs to follow, it broadcast a baseband TDM signal from the CO to the entire ONUs and used a time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol to control ONU baseband transmission back to the CO. A PON configuration reduces the amount of fiber and CO equipment required compared with P2P architectures. Downstream signals are broadcast to each premise sharing a fiber. Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple access protocol. The OLTs range the ONTs in order to provide time slot assignments for upstream communication. The architecture is called passive because all splitters and intermediate equipment located between the CO and the ONT is passive; that is, it has no active electronics and therefore does not need separate power. An enhancement of the PON supports an additional downstream wavelength, which may be used to carry video and CATV services separately. Many telecom operators are considering deploying PONs using a fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) model to support converged Internet Protocol (IP) video, voice, and data services at a cheaper subscription cost than the cumulative of the above services deployed separately. A PON is a system that brings optical fiber cabling and signals all or most of the way to the end user. The system can be described as fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), fiber-to-the-building (FTTB), or fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) depending on where the PON is terminates. PONs is in the initial stages of deployment in many parts of the world [5]. WDM-PON is a type of passive optical networking, being pioneered by several companies, that uses multiple optical wavelengths to increase the upstream and/or downstream bandwidth available to end users. This technology looks forward to a day when optical technology is cheaper and easier to deploy, and end users demand higher bandwidth. WDM-PON can provide more bandwidth over longer distances by devoting rawer optical bandwidth to each user, and by increasing the link loss budget of each wavelength, making it less sensitive to the optical losses incurred at each optical splitter. The splitter in a PON using WDM directional multiplexing has to be achromatic, i.e., they should behave equally at 1.3µm and 1.5µm. The multiple wavelengths of a WDM-PON can be used to separate ONUs into several virtual PONs co-existing on the same physical architecture. Alternatively the wavelengths can be used collectively through statistical multiplexing to provide efficient wavelength utilization and lower delays experienced by the ONTs.  IV. PROJECT DESIGN  There are some various distances between CO and each subscriber. It means that the length of the fiber that used for each subscriber is not same compared to other subscriber depend on the architectures. Besides, nowadays, the transmission bit rate also changes from Mbps to Gbps. The basic design of WDM-PON is depicted in Figure 3. It is consists of three sections; transmitter, link, and receiver. This architecture was a P2MP because one point of transmitter can serves multiple end users. Transmitter is a source for the design. At the transmission section, it used WDM transmitter to transmit data in form of wavelength of 1550nm to the end user. WDM transmitter is including a digital data source, an electrical generator, laser diode, and modulator. The optical line coding used for system interfaces in this project is binary non-return to zero (NRZ).  Link section is components that connect the transmitter (CO) to the receiver (subscribers). Standard single mode fiber (SSMF), G.652 is a standard fiber that always been use in the metro and access system network. Between the links there are multiplexers which are WDM multiplexer and WDM demultiplexer.  Optical communication receivers generally consist of a photodetector connected with a decision circuitry such optical power meter, BER analyzer and WDM analyzer. The photodetector convert the optical signals to electronic signals which a processed to extract information. The characteristic of a photodetector is low noise preamplifier and other associated circuitry.  Therefore, the main objective of this project is to identify the best length and suitable bit rate in WDM-PON architecture.                                                                                                           1041   Figure 3 Basic design of WDM-PON   V. RESULT AND ANALYSIS  This paper analyzes the performance in WDM-PON star architecture for 64 end users at various distance and bit rate using Optisystem 6.0. Figure 4 and figure 5 shows the results of experimental simulation at various transmissions distance. It clearly been seen that when a longer fiber is used, it will provide a large dispersion and attenuation, thus decreased the performance of the (Bit Error Rate) BER and power received respectively.    Table 1 BER vs. length at 5dBm power transmit     Length (km)   1 8 16 622 Mbps 5.28E-16 7.63E-15 1.71E-06 1.2 Gbps 8.39E-07 2.14E-06 4.14E-04 2.4 Gbps 2.28E-05 2.08E-03 2.06E-02 Bit Rate 10 Gbps 0.017566 1.00E-00 1.00E-00     Figure 4 BER vs. length at 5 dBm power transmit   Table 1 and figure 4 shows that the BER performance at 622 Mbps bit rate is decreased when the  length of fiber optic is increasing. At 1 km for 622 Mbps data rate, the BER performance is 5.28E-16 but it reduced sharply  to 1.71E-6 at 16 km length. It means that, the longer the distance it will decreased the performance of  bit error rate (BER). From the result it                                                                                                          1042 shows that the optimum distance is 13 km in order to get BER 1E-09 for 622 Mbps. The same response could be seen for 1.2 Gbps, 2.4 Gbps and 10 Gbps bit rates respectively. However, at these bit rates the BER is not valid because the relevant minimum of BER in optical system is 1E-09. It may cause by the highest bit rate not suitable or compatible to support 64 end users.  Table 2 Total power received vs. length at 5 dBm power transmit     Length (km)   1 8 16 622 Mbps 5.571204 dBm 2.600449 dBm -0.93037 dBm 1.2 Gbps 0.007866 dBm -2.97748 dBm -6.53993 dBm 2.4 Gbps -1.3716    dBm -3.35306 dBm -4.32667 dBm Bit Rate 10 Gbps -0.80807  dBm 0 dBm 0 dBm     Figure 5 Total power received vs. length at 5 dBm power transmit  Table 2 and figure 5 shows the distance versus power received at various bit rates. As expected, the power received is inversely proportional with distance where, the power received is constantly decrease if the distance increased. It evident that power received for 622 Mbps, 1.2 Gbps and 2.4 Gbps are inversely proportional with fiber length. For 622 Mbps, it has 5.57dBm at 1 km, but it dropped slowly to 2.6 dBm and -0.98 dBm at 8km and 16km, respectively. This shows that the distance will reduce the power level due to dispersion and transmission loss. By referring to the result, we can see that at 1.2 Gbps of bit rate will get the better total power received compared to 2.4 Gbps at 1 km. However, at 16 km the reading for power received at 1.2 Gbps is lower than 2.4 Gbps. However, at 10 Gbps the powers received remain stable at all distances. For the power received versus distance, all bit show less power when the distance increasing. It is because the loss data occurs while transmitting the data to the receivers. For overall performance from both results, it shows only 622 Mbps bit rate is really stable to cater 64 subscriber users in WDM-PON system.  VI. CONCLUSION  WDM-PON can provide more bandwidth over longer distances by devoting rawer optical bandwidth to each user, and by increasing the link loss budget of each wavelength, making it less sensitive to the optical losses incurred at each optical splitter. This is the reason why WDM-PON is one of the promising technologies today because it is economic, easily upgraded, secured, and lastly it is convenient in testing and troubleshooting. From the simulation results for WDM-PON design the optimization of the performance are clearly devoted in the results. The best bit rate for the system is 622 Mbps with 5 dBm power launched. While the maximum distance that the system can support is until 13 km with 64 numbers of users. Thus, in designing the system, few parameters such as wavelength, channel spacing, number of user, power transmit, bit rate and fiber length should be considered because it will affect the system performance.  ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to express their gratituted to Fauzi Misbah, Mohd Nazri Kamal, Nor Hanim Miswan, Nur Anis Izzati Mat Noor, Sabrina Jumadi and Siti Nazurah Md Zaid for their valuable technical input on simulation process.                                                                                                          1043 REFERENCES [1] J. Alan Bivens, Boleslaw K.Szymanski, Marks J. Embrechts, “Network Congestion Arbitration And Source Problem Predicting Using Neural Network”, Smart Engineering System Design, Vol 4, 2002, pp 243-252. [2] John Engebretson, “Get Ready For WDN-PON, Emerging Standard Could Increase PON Bandwidth and Help Expand Fiber Capabilities”, Tellabs News, 2007. [3] S. K. Kyeong, “On The Evolution of PON-Based FTTH Solutions”, Stanford Networking Research Centre, Standford. [4] Novera Optics Inc. "WDM-PON for the Access Network." Novera Optics Inc.: California. 2006. [5] B. Amithabha, P. Younggil, C. Frederick, S. Huan, Y. Sunhee, K.Glen, K. Kwangjoon, M. Biswanath, “Wavelength-division-multiplex passive optical network (WDM-PON) technologies for broadband access: a review [Invited]”, Journal of Optical Networking, 2005.  

Synthesis and characterization of ultra violet curable renewable polymer graphite composites

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Synthesis and characterization of ultra violet curable renewable polymer graphite composites

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