Multilingual Ontologies for Networked Knowledge I Linguistically enriched knowledge representation I Multilingual access to structured/networked knowledge: ontologies, knowledge bases, linked data

Aguado de Cea, G.

McCrae, J.

Servicio de Coordinación de Bibliotecas de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Monnet Project
lemon: Linked Data,
Lexicons and Data
Category Registries
John McCrae1 and Guadalupe
Aguado-de-Cea2
1Cognitive Interaction Technology Excellence Center, Universität
Bielefeld
2Ontology Engineering Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Monnet: Main Objectives
I Multilingual Ontologies for Networked Knowledge
I Linguistically enriched knowledge representation
I Multilingual access to structured/networked knowledge:
ontologies, knowledge bases, linked data
I Handling Information at the Semantic Level
I Abstracting from language and form
I Cross-lingual information
1. Integration
2. Aggregation
3. Querying
4. Presentation
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Monnet
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
WP2 Objectives
I Objectives
I Define models, methods and tools for the localization of
ontologies, by means of an Lexicon Model for Ontologies
I We define lemon as a model for this
I Lemon as a lexicon
I Lexicons provide linguistic data for NLP applications
I Linked data is a way of sharing information on the
(semantic) web
I There are many categories of linguistic data and
disagreement about the values, semantics and restrictions
I Different granularity of linguistic information for different
applications
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
lemon's origins
I Lexical Markup Framework (ISO 24613)
I Standard for representing lexicons
I XML
I LexInfo, LIR
I Represent lexical information relative to an ontology
I OWL
I SKOS (W3C Standard)
I Designed for Taxonomy/Vocabulary representation
I RDF
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Design goals
I RDF(S)
I Minimalist
I Not prescriptive (i.e., uses data categories)
I Relative semantics (i.e., uses ontologies)
I Modular and extensible
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Why lemon: RDF(S)
I RDF models are labelled directed graphs
I Allows for smarter representation
I Each entry has a URI
I Queriable on the web using standards
I Clear ownership of data categories
I Linking possible between different lexica
I Reuse of lexicon data
I Some induction possible (subproperties, classes etc.)
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Why lemon: Minimalism
I Small models (i.e., fewer links, fewer kB)
I Easier to understand
I "Open-world": Not necessary to state all facts
I Multiple points of view
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Why lemon: Relative semantics
I Meaning of a word given by reference
I Reference (generally an ontology) capable of representing
more complex semantic information
I Disambiguation is performed relative to the ontology
I No (traditional) word senses
I No clashing of word senses in cross-lingual mappings
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Why lemon: Modular and extensible
I RDF(S) extensibility allows representation of
I Subtle differences
I Unexpected data categories
I Modularity
I Different modules for different user requirements
I New modules can be added later without affecting core
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
The model
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
A simple example
@base <http://www.example.org/lexicon#>
@prefix ontology: <http://www.example.org/ontology#>
@prefix lemon: <http://www.monnet-project.eu/lemon#>
:lexicon lemon:language "en" ;
lemon:entry :cat .
:cat a lemon:Word ;
lemon:canonicalForm [ lemon:writtenRep "cat"@en ] ;
lemon:sense [ lemon:reference ontology:cat ] .
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
A simple example
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Adding a plural form: the ugly
:cat a lemon:Word ;
lemon:canonicalForm [ lemon:writtenRep "cat"@en ] ;
lemon:otherForm [ lemon:writtenRep "cats"@en ;
lemon:property [ lemon:value "plural" ] ] .
I Does not indicate type of data category
I Different entity for each annotation
I Value could be misspelt or ambiguous
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Adding a plural form: the bad
:cat a lemon:Word ;
lemon:canonicalForm [ lemon:writtenRep "cat"@en ] ;
lemon:otherForm [ lemon:writtenRep "cats"@en ;
:number :plural ] .
:number rdfs:subPropertyOf lemon:property .
I Property and value have unique name
I Must define properties for each lexical resource
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Adding a plural form: the good
:cat a lemon:Word ;
lemon:canonicalForm [ lemon:writtenRep "cat"@en ] ;
lemon:otherForm [ lemon:writtenRep "cats"@en ;
dcr:number dcr:plural ] .
I Property and values standardized by DCR
I All lexicons refer to the property the same way
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Representing variation
:dcr_init a lemon:Word ;
lemon:canonicalForm [ lemon:writtenRep "DCR"@en ] .
:dcr_full a lemon:Phrase ;
lemon:canonicalForm
[ lemon:writtenRep "data category registry"@en ] .
:dcr_init dcr:initialismFor :dcr_full .
dcr:initialismFor
rdfs:subPropertyOf lemon:lexicalVariant .
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Representing variation
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
ISOcat as DCR
I ISOcat is large
I Each entity has a unique identifier
I Distinguishes between properties (open) and values
(closed)
I States ranges and dependencies
I Dereferenceable as RDF
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Issues with ISOcat
I DCs are not clear to humans
I dcr:noun => isocat:1333 =>
http://www.isocat.org/rest/dc/1333
I isocat6:noun =>
http://www.isocat.org/rest/profile/6#noun
I RDF representation does not convert DCIF information
I Open/Closed => Property/Resource
I Domain values => Ranges
I Representation not aligned to lemon
I Description
I Representation
I Relation
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
DCRs for Lemon
I Base DCR on ISOcat
I Publish only in RDF(S)
I Include references to lemon
I Add OWL constraints (where applicable)
I Reference DCR by use of dcr:datcat annotation
J. McCrae · G Aguado-de-Cea
Conclusion
I lemon is an extensible model for linked data lexica
I Interacts with existing technologies
I LMF conversion at http://www.lexinfo.net/lemon2lmf
I Data categories allow for representation of arbitrary
linguistic information
I Importing from ISOcat is very useful for creating lemon
lexica


Lemon: Linked Data, Lexicons and Data Category Registrie.

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http://oa.upm.es/6850/1/INVE_MEM_2010_74045.pdf

Lemon: Linked Data, Lexicons and Data Category Registrie.

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