February 8, 1955.Two titles published in one volume. "Ternary system ethyl alcohol--n--heptane-water at 30 [degrees] C" by Joseph L. Schweppe and James R. Lorah and "The rectifying property of polarized barium titanate" by Donald L. Waidelich.Ternary system ethyl alcohol--n--heptane-water at 30 [degrees] C ; "Reprinted from Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 26, November 1954"The rectifying property of polarized barium titanate ; "Reprinted from Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 25 July 1953.

Lorah, James R.

Schweppe, Joseph L.

Waidelich, Donald L.

University of Missouri: MOspace

I . ENGINEERING REP.RINT SERIES Reprint Number 11 • C, Engineering Experiment Station Columbia, Missouri Ternary System Ethyl Alcohol--n--Heptane-Water at 30°C JOSEPJ-1 L. SCJ-IWEPPE, Research Engineer, C. F. Braun &, Co. JAMES R. LORAi-i, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering Reprinted from Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 26 November 1954 The Rectifying Property of Polarized Barium Titanate DONALD L. WA/DEL/Cl-I, Associate Director, Engineering Experiment Station and Professor of Electrical Engineering Reprinted from Journal ~I th·e Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 25 July 1953 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION The Engineering Experiment Station was organized in 1909 as a part of the College of Engineering. The staff of the Station includes all members of the Faculty of the College of Engi-neering, together with Research Assistants supported by the Station Funds. The Station is primarily an engineering research institution engaged in the investigation of fundamental engineering problems of general interest, in the improvement of engineering design, and in the development of new industrial processes. The Station desires particularly to co-operate with industries of Missouri in the solution of such problems. For this purpose, there is available not only the special equipment belonging to the Station but all of the equipment and facilities of the College of Engineering not in immediate use for class instruction. Inquiries regarding these matters should be addressed to THE The Director, Engineering Experiment Station University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI BULLETIN VOL. 56. NO. 6 ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION REPRINT SERIES. NO. 11 Published by the University of Missouri at Room 102, Building T-3, Columbia, Missouri. Entered as second-class matter, January 2, 1914, at post office at c~lu::nbia, Missouri, under Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. Issued four times monthly October through May, three times monthly June through September. ·--500 February 8, 1955 Ternary System Ethyl Alcohol-n-Heptane-W ater at 30° C. JOSEPH L. SCHWEPPE1 AND JAMES R. LORAH University of Missouri, Colum.bia, Mo. SOLUBILITY data for the ternary liquid system ethyl alcohol- n-heptane-water were obtained as part of a study of azeotropic distillation (4). Published data on this system (2, 3, 5) were incomplete, and the accuracy of these data was questioned. n-Heptane of high purity was not generally avail-able when the earlier data were obtained. MATERIALS The ethyl alcohol used in this work was U.S.P. , 200-proof (U. S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc.). The refractive index at 1 Present address, C. F. Braun & Co., Alhambra, Calif. ETHANOL o AUTHORS • ORMANDY AND CRAVEN (3) Ct: uJ !:: WATER Figure 1. lmmiscibility Diagram at 30° C. of Ethyl Alcohol-n-Heptane-Water System 5 0.8500 Hr-+--~-----c- - --+ a. "' o.aooo l---"'b<!:':--+---'-"' 0.6500 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 COMPOSITION, WEIGHT PERCENT Figure 2. Density along 30° C. Immiscible Boundary of Ethyl Alcohol-n-Heptane-Wate!" 30° C. was 1.3579. Pure grade n-heptane (Phillips Petroleun: Co.) was used. The minimum purity was 99 mole %. The refractive index at 30° C. was 1.3835. Distilled water was used. a:: 1.00 UJ >-<I i a:: ...J UJ r I >- u <I - I ...J a:: 0.80 ----- ---· - r ,--rw I uZ I - <I a::,.. 'a. a:: UJ I ~r 0.60 I <I z :;:: -z UJ - z a:: <I w,.. ,.. a. 0.40 <I w :;:: r ,.. ,.. zz WW uu a:: a:: WW 0 .2 0 ·- ---·-a. a. ,.. ,.. rr WW :;:: :;:: o.oo 0 20 40 60 80 l'.lO WEIGHT PERCENT WAT ER IN WATER-RICH LAYER Figure 3. Bachman Plot of Tie-Line Data TABLE I. E·rHYL ALCOI-JOL- n-HEPTANE- WATER SrnT1-; :11 (lmmiscibility line at 30° C.) Ethyl Alcohol, Vv'eight % 0.00 10 . 71 21.02 28.31 36.62 45.65 48 . 41 59.90 55.97 50.32 ti4. 95 69.13 72. 92 74.69 75.63 fi8.62 70.21 75.37 77 .27 76.38 49.88 25.02 59.86 0.00 49 . 01 n-Heptane, Weight % 100.00 89 .19 78.86 70.48 61.90 51. 73 48.91 35.85 40.46 4G . 47 29.44 24.11 17.85 14.95 10. 10 2.30 2.26 3.84 6.69 9.93 0.21 0.09 0.90 0.16 0.19 In heptane layer 2.9 3 . 2 5.0 5.0 5.5 14.5 Water, Weight D ensity % at 30° C. 0.6750 0. 10 0. 6843 0.12 0.6931 1.21 1.48 2 . 62 2 68 4.25 o. 7480 3 57 3 21 0 7581 5.nl fi.7G a. 7689 9.23 0. 7837 10. 36 0. 79 12 14.27 0.8068 29.08 0. 8522 27.53 0.8481 20. 79 o. 8253 16.04 0.8130 13. 69 0.8068 49.91 0. 9040 74.89 0.9553 39.24 0.8793 99.84 0.9947 50.80 TIE- L I NE DATA Ethyl Alcohol, % In water layer 10.6 29 .0 39.2 46.0 62.4 75.2 66.3 H efra c tive Index at 30° C. 1.3835 1.3807 1.377[} 1. 3titi0 36.j;j. 3642 .3629 3627 3620 36 11 .3fl12 31il8 31i20 .3622 . 3582 3483 3600 3:122 "Reprinted from INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY , Vol. 26, Page 2391 , November 1954 Copyright 1954 by the American Chemical Society and reprinted by permission of the copyright owner." PROCEDURE AND RESULTS Solutions of ethyl alcohol and n-heptane or water were prepared, and enough of the the third component was added to produce a cloud point. The solutions were made up by weight, using an analytical ba lance. The samples were held at 30.0 ° ± 0.03 ° C. in a constant-temperature bath, and were removed only for short periods to add the third component. Density and refractive index measurements were made on the samples at the cloud point. The immiscibility curve for the ethyl alcohol-n-heptane-water system is shown in Figure 1. The data are given in Table I. The tie lines shown in this figure are for even percentages of water in the water-rich layer. The end compositions were taken from the correlation shown in Figure 3. Densities were measured with a 5-ml. pycnometer, calibrated at 30° C. The wide and regular variation of density with composit ion makes it especially useful in the analysis of the ternary solutions (Figure 2). Density measurements were used for all analyses. The refractive index data were not used, but are included in Table I as an additional means of analysis. T ie-line data were determined by analyzing the two liquid phases of ternary mixtures. The two-phase mixtures were placed in a constant temperature bath at 30.0 ° ± 0.03 ° C. and agitated perioaically. The two phases were then separated and each was analyzed by utilizing the density-composition relation of Figure 2. The experimental results shown in Tab le I correlate by a method suggested by Bachman (1) (Figure 3 ). LITERATURE CITED (1) Bachman. I., IND. E NG. CHEM., ANAL. Eo., 12, 38- 9 (1940) . (2) Bonner, W. D. , J. Phys. Chem ., 14, 738- 89 (1910) . (3) Ormandy, W.R., and Craven, E. C., J . Inst . Petroleum Technol, 8, 181-93 (1922). (4) Schweppe, J. L., "Use of n-Heptane in the Preparation of Absolute Alcohol ," M.S. thesis, University of Missouri, 1946. (5) Seidell , A., "Solubilities of Organic Compounds," Vol. II, 3rd ed., pp. 147,148,562, D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, 1941; Supplemental Volume, pp. 931, 932, 1048, 1952. RECEIVED for re vi ew lVIarch 30, 195-L ACCEPTED June 11, 1954. Reprinted from THE JouRNAL OF THE AcousncAL SocIETY OF AMERICA, Vol. 25, No. 4, 796, July, 1953 Copyright, 1953, by the Acoustical Society of America. Printed in U. S. A. The Rectifying Property of Polarized Barium Titanate DONALD L. W AIDELTCH Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (Received March 7, 1953) When a high alternating voltage was applied across a wafer of polarized barium-titanate ceramic, a small direct voltage was observed across the ceramic. No such behavior was noted in wafers initially unpolarized. It is believed that the effect is caused by an asymmetrical charging action. POLARIZED barium titanate ceramics appear to exhibit a rec-tifying action. While investigating the effect of high alter-nating voltages upon the amount of polarization present in the ceramics, it was found that a small direct voltage appeared to be present also. One circuit that was employed to observe this effect in more detail is shown in Fig. 1. The transformer was used to step up the alternating voltage to the value required and also to provide a return path for the direct current flowing in the gal-vanometer. The RC combination was, in effect, a low pass filter to attenuate the alternating voltage and to allow the direct cur-rent to pass. The ceramic was in the form of a wafer with both flat surfaces silvered. It had been polarized by applying for one hour a direct voltage with the polarity shown in Fig. 1 and of approximately 20 kv per cm thickness of the wafer. · For a resistance R of four megohms and with an rms alternating voltage of about 5.5 kv per centimeter across the wafer, the observed direct current indi-cated that the direct voltage across the wafer was about 0.6 volt per centimeter. The direction of the direct current flowing through the galvanometer is indicated by an arrow in Fig. 1 and indicates that an excess positive charge is present on the plate marked ( - ) of the ceramic wafer of Fig. 1. No direct voltage was observed when the polarized ceramic was replaced by an un-polarized piece. At first it was thought that the alternating voltage was acting to reduce the remanent polarization of the ceramic and the stored energy of polarization was appearing as a charge on the plates of the wafer. This, however, would indicate that the direct voltage should have the opposite sign to that actually observed. Also the charge involved was of another order of magnitude greater than any of the measured values of the charges causing the remanent polarization. It is believed now that the polarization produces an asymmetrical charging effect in that more charge is stored when the' current is flowing in to the ( - ) terminal of the ceramic than when the current is flowing in to the ( +) terminal. · R CERAMIC FIG. 1. Test circuit diagram for determining the rectifying properties of polarized barium titanate. In a nonlinear capacitance such as barium titanate, the capaci-tance at any time may be defined as being proportional to the slope of the electric flux density D versus electric field intensity E curves which are also called hysteresis loops. It is well known that if the alternating voltage is high enough the capacitance of un-polarized barium titanate varies considerably over one alternating cycle but it has the same value for a positive voltage (when in-creasing, for example) as it does for a negative voltage (when decreasing). When polarized, however, this no longer appears to be true and the capacitance for a positive voltage may be quite differ-ent from the capacitance for the corresponding negative voltage. In polarized barium titanate the capacitance when current is flow-ing into the ( +) terminal appears to be smaller than when the current is flowing into the ( - ) terminal. Thus a net positive charge appears on the ( - ) terminal. This seems apparent also from the asymmetrical hysteresis loops of polarized barium titanate since saturation appears on the loops when the voltage is positive on the ( +) side of the wafer and thus lowers the capacitance in the ( +) direction. Since the observed direct voltage is caused by this excess of charge, the magnitude of the voltage would probably depend upon, among other variables, the resistance of the dis-charge path and thus may be much higher if voltage measuring instruments of higher resistance were used. Possibly also voltage bucking or bridge circuits or better filters might enable better measurements to be made. Reprint No. PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENGINEERING REPRINT SERIES *1. Response of Circuits to Steady-State Pulses, by D. L. Waidelich, Professor of Electrical Engineering. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the I.R.E., Vol. 37, p. 1396, December 1949. *2. Heat Transfer to Water Boiling Under Pressure, by E. A. Farber, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, and R. L. Scorah, Professor of Mechanical Engineering. Reprinted from the Transactions of the A.S.M.E., Vol. 70, p. 369, May 1948 *3. Steady-State Waves on Transmission Lines, by D. L. Waidelich, Professor of Electrical Engineering. Reprinted from the Transactions of the A.I.E.E., Vol. 69, p. 1521, 1950. 4. Theory of the Adiabatic Bubble, by Ralph Scorah, Professor of Mechanical Engineering. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Midwestern Conference on Fluid Dynamics, J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1951. 5. Equivalent Load Method for Analyzing Prestressed Concrete Structures by Robert B. B. Moorman, Professor of Civil Engineering. Reprinted from the Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 23, p. 405, January 1952. *6. Design of Low Frequency Constant Time Delay Lines, by C. M. Wallis, Professor of Electrical Engineering. Reprinted from Transactions of the A.I.E.E., Vol. 71, Part 1, p. 135, April 1952. *7. The Engineer Becomes a Professional Manager, by Harry Rubey, Professor of Civil Engineering. Re-printed from the Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 43, p. 338, January 1953. 8. Use of the Centrifugal Governor Mechanism as a Torsional Vibration Absorber, by O. A. Pringle, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering. Reprinted from the Transactions of the A.S.M.E., Vol. 75, p. 59, January 1953. *9. How to Plan for the Safe and Adequate Highways We Need, by Harry Rubey, Professor and Chairman of Civil Engineering. Reprinted from the General Motors "Better Highways Awards", 1953. *10. A Dynamic Analogy of Foundation - Soil Systems, by Adrian Pauw, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering. Reprinted from Symposium on Dynamic Testing of Soils, Special Technical Publication No. 156, American Society for Testing Materials, 1953. 11. Ternary System Ethyl Alcohol--n--Heptane-Water at 30°C, by Joseph L. Schweppe, Research Engineer, C. F. Braun and Co. and James R. Lorah, Associate Professor Chemical Engineering. Reprinted from Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 26, p. 2391, November 1954. The Rectifying Property of Polarized Barium Titanate, by Donald L. Waidelich, Associate Director, . Engineering Experiment Station and Professor of Electrical Engineering. Reprinted from Journal of . the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 25, p. 796, July 1953. * Out of Print University of Missouri Libraries University of Missouri MU Engineering Experiment Station Series Local Identifier Schweppel953 Capture information Date captured 2018 June Scanner manufacturer Ricoh Scanner model MP C4503 Scanning software Optical resolution Color settings File types Source information Format Content type Notes 600 dpi Grayscale, 8 bit; Color, 24 bit Tiff Book Text Digitized duplicate copy not retained in collection. Derivatives - Access copy Compression Editing software Resolution Color File types Notes LZW Adobe Photoshop 600 dpi Grayscale, 8 bit; Color, 24 bit Tiffs converted to pdf Greyscale pages cropped and canvassed. Noise removed from background and text darkened. Color pages cropped. 

The rectifying property of polarized barium titanate

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The rectifying property of polarized barium titanate

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