Halitosis: a review of basic principles

Abstract

is, also known as bad breath or oral malodor, is the general term used to describe any disagreeable odor in expired air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or non-oral sources. Bad breath can be detrimental to ones self-image and confidence, causing social, emotional and psychological anxiety. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the historical background, prevalence, social aspects and pathological causes of halitosis as well as the dental professionals responsibility