The physico-chemical characteristics of water samples contaminated with a mixture of the water accommodated fractions (WAF) dispersed and undispersed phases of Bonny Light crude oil at sub-lethal concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6ml/L were analyzed to assess their effects on the water quality of test media containing a fish, Oreochromis niloticus. These were measured against a control. The temperature, PH, DO, TDS, conductivity and redox potential of (P< 0.05) by the presence of the mixture especially by the dispersed phase at the diifferent concentrations, and these were positively correlated

Enodiana, O.I.

Leilei, K.E.

Sikoki, E.D.

Aquatic Commons

Materials and Methods
Three hundred and fifty fry and fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tiJapia) of different sizes of average weight of
8.8cm were procured from the African Regional Aquaculture Centre (ARAC), Aluu. The test organisms were kept in holding
in plastic tanks (36x39x53cm) of 25L for fourteen days and allowed to acclimate in the test medium of acceptable quality
Introduction
Crude oil spills have both long and short-term effects on coastal habitats. Components of crude oil include the aliphaticand aromatic hydrocarbons. The aromatic hydrocarbons which are polycyclic can be classified as Persistent Organ-ic Pollutants (POPs), bioaccumulative and toxic (PBTs-persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals) with time;
making them compounds of great concern. Several of them are known to be carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunotoxic to
exposed organisms (Adams, 2003; Traas and VanLeeuwen, 2007; Malik et aI., 2008; Wills et al., 2010). Their transformed
products are among the most hazardous constituents of crude oil which have long-term effects (Reddy et al., 2002; Peterson
et al., 2003; Short et al., 2004; Environmental Health Fact Sheet, 2009).
Consequently several measures have been taken to reduce the spread and deleterious effects of the oil. One such ap-
proach is the use of Oil Spill Dispersants (OSDs) amongst which is Goldcrew SW. This chemical reduces the interfacial ten-
sion (adhesion) between the oil and water, oil and sediments and other surfaces, helps create small droplets that move into the
water column facilitating quicker weathering, natural biological breakdown (biodegradation) and dispersion by decreasing
the size of the oil droplets, and dispersing the oil into the water column. The oil surface area exposed to the water increases
thereby enhancing breakdown and thus reducing the resident time of the oil within the aquatic system (Environmental Health
Program, 2005; Marine Environmental Protection, 2006). OSDs are composed of surfactants, solvents (hydrocarbon and
water-based) and stabilizing agents. OSDs arc applied as quickly as possible after a spill has occurred since there is limited
'window of opportunity' to use OSDs in an oil spill incident. This is primarily due to the changing properties of the oil due
to weathering of the oil which may last for a few hours to a few days depending on the type/volume of spilled oil (Interna-
tional Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited, 2005). However, the use of dispersants in spill situations may alter the
components of the crude oil by increasing their functional water solubility; resulting in increased bioavailability and altered
interactions between oil, dispersants and biological membranes (Pollino and Holdway, 2002; Barron ct al., 2003; Koyama
and Kakuno, 2004; Couillard et al., 2005).This study was carried out to determine the effects of the Water Accommodated
Fraction (WAF) mixture of Gold crew SW dispersant and Bonny Light crude oil on the water quality on fish production using
Orcochromis niloticus.
Abstract
The physico-chemical characteristics of water samples contaminated with a mixture of the water accommodated fractions (WAF) of
dispersed and undispersed phases of Bonny Light crude oil at sub-lethal concentrations of O.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6mliL were analyzed to
assess their effects on the water quality of test media containing afish, Oreochromis niloticus. These were measured against a control.
The temperature, pH, DO, TDS, conductivity and redoxpotential of the test media were significantly affected (P< 0.05) by thepresence
of the mixture especially by the dispersedphase at the different concentrations, and these werepositively correlated.
Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, water accommodated fractions, 0. niloticus, Crude oil.
Effects of dispersed Bonny Light crude oil on water quality parameters
in tanks containing Oreochromis niloticus
Lelei,K.E. / Sikoki, F.D. / Enodiana, 0.1.
32
157
The results from the ANOYA showed that the physico-chemical variables under the various concentrations of the
0WAHAIIshowed significant differences (P<0.05) in their values between (time) and within (concentrations) for tempera-
, TDS,conductivity, salinity, redox potential but that of DO was slight, and not significant for the pl r.
Concentrations Temperature pH TDS Conductivity Salinity DO Redox(mUl) (0C) (ppm) (lis/em) (ppt) (mg/l) Potential (eV)
0 26.16±O.13 5.80±O.30 63±2.03 126±4.94 O.O6±O.OO3 3.87±O.21 38.6±4.06
0.2 26.16±O.13 6.24±O.30 64±2.03 129±4.94 O.O6±O.OO3 2.43±O.21 28.3±4.06
0.4 26.01±O.13 6.21±O.30 55±2.03 130±4.94 O.O6±O.OO3 2.45±O.21 25.2±4.06
0.8 26.01±O.13 6.21±O.30 59±2.03 118±4.94 O.O6±O.OO3 2.S3±O.21 21.7±4.06
1.6 25.85±O.13 5.95±O.30 60±2.03 120± 4.94 O.O6±O.OO3 2.48±O.21 22.0±4.06
The results from the concentrations of the COWAF_PAHpresented in Table 2 showed that the values for salinity were
the same.The temperature values ranged from 25.85 - 26_16°C which was wide with slight difference between the 0.8 and
1.6mlfLconcentrations. The DO values ranged from 2.65-2.87°C with slight difference between the 0.8 and 1.6mllL. The
valuesof the temperature, pH, conductivity, DO and redox potential were affected with increase in concentration of dispersed
phasein general.DO and redox potential values showed fluctuations in their values in the 0.8 and 1.6m1/L concentrations.
Table2:Meanand standard error of physico-chemical parameters of COWAF_PAHtreated water at sub-lethal concentrations
Concentrations Temperature pH TDS Conductivity Salinity DO Redox(mUl) (DC) (ppm) (us/em) (ppt) (mg/l) potential (eV)
0 26.16±O.14 5.80±O.30 63±3.15 126±6.20 O.O6±O.OO3 3.87±O.27 38.6±3.40
0.2 25.58±O.14 6.38±O.30 S4±3.15 108±6.20 O.O5±O.OO3 2.87±O.27 28.7±3.40
0.4 25.69±O.14 6.35±O.30 53±3.15 107±6.20 O.O5±O.OO3 2.84±O.27 29.5±3.40
0.8 25.65±O.14 5.70±O.30 44±3.15 87±6.20 O.O4±O.OO3 2.65±O.27 33.3±3.40
1.6 25.85±O.14 6.14±O.30 48±3.15 97±6.20 O.O5±O.OO3 2.70±O.27 31.3±3.40
Table 1:Meanand standard error of physico-chemical parameters of DCOwAF_PAHtreated water at sub-lethal concentrations.
'-l
Thedataon water quality variables obtained from the test concentrations of DCOWM_PAIIand COWAF_PAHshowed that there was 0
P<proxyinthe values between the lower and upper ranges of concentrations, and were different from the control (Tables Iand .....o2).Theresults from the concentrations of the DCOwM_PAHpresented in table I showed temperature values ranged from 25.69- 0
25.85°Cwhich was narrow for the concentrations. The DO values ranged from 2_65-2.87°C_The pH, TDS, conductance and S
DOvaluesshowed slight reduction with increase in concentration except for Slight fluctuations between the 0.8 and 1.6mllL Q><concentrations.Conversely, the values of the redox potential increased with increase in concentration. For the salinity, the
changewas not significant (P<0.05)_
Results
Astatic renewal bioassay of the two test exposure regimes (DCOWAF_PAI_Iand COWAF_PAH)for fifty days with four con-
centrationseach and three replicates with a factor of 0.2 that gave 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6mllL which were made up to 12L was
done.Eachcontainer had 10 test organisms for the tests. There was 12hr light and dark time respectively during exposures
witha48hr renewal of test media and test mixtures to prevent sequestration (aging) by which chemicals tend to become less
availablewith time for uptake by organisms for partitioning into the aqueous phase, or for extraction. The test organisms were
regularlyobserved for any disease condition or abnormalities.
The physico-chemical variables, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), redox potential,
pH,conductivityand salinity were measured using Hanna HI 9828 pH/ORP/EC/DO water analyzing device after calibrations
hadbeenmade. Readings were taken and recorded in-situ.
beforebeing used for the bioassay (Reish and Oshida, 1986). They were fed twice daily with Coppens feed ofO.8-J.2mm
pelletsize ad libitum at 5% body weight.
The Bonny Light crude oil and Goldcrew SW were procured from the Nigerian Agip Oil Company in T.5L air tight
plasticbottles and stored at 28°C until use for the preparation of the test solution. The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of
V.>themixtureof Bonny Light crude oil and Goldcrew (SW) dispersant which contained the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs)in solution (DCOWAF_PAJI)and that without Goldcrew (COWAF_PAH)was prepared under laboratory conditions (Reish and trl
Oshida,1986; Khan and Payne, 2005). The application ratio of crude oil to Goldcrew (SW) was determined to be 1:30, with Z<:a 1:30dilution ratio of dispersant to distilled water. Range finding tests were done to determine the threshold concentrations ;;;
basedonprevious findings, Lelei (2007)_ 0
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Conclusion- ._..-
~ Discussion
~ The values ofthe physico-chemical parameters varied with concentrations for the two exposure regimes with the lower values
~ observed from the DCOWAF.PAHthan the COWAF.PAH"Temperature and pH were slightly affected but this was not very obvious
Z for the salinity. The DO values reduced with increase in concentration, the DO values were higher in the test media under
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t-<
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>-lo hence reduced physiological activities of the fish since there is interrelationship between these parameters and fish physiology.
><.....oor-oo
><
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I.N parameters were affected by the different exposures.
PROCEEDINGS OF 28TH .ANNUAL CONFERENCE, NOV. 25 - 3 0, 2013
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, PROCEEDINGS OF 28TH FISON ANNUAL CONFERENCE, NOV. 25-30, 2013


Effects of dispersed Bonny Light crude oil on water quality parameters in tanks containing Oreochromis niloticus

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Effects of dispersed Bonny Light crude oil on water quality parameters in tanks containing Oreochromis niloticus

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