A feeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of I. aquatica-based diet as dietary replacement of maize in the diets of C. gariepinus. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0% (control diet), 15% 30%, 45%, and 60% I. aquatica. Treatment was carried out in triplicate using ten C. gariepinus juvenile per replicate with mean initial weight of 9.0g. The fish at 5% body weight per day for a period of 8 weeks. The best growth response in terms of mean weight gain was obtained in 15% I. aquatica diet inclusion (35.57 ~c 3.44g), while fish fed 60% I. aquatica diet had the lowest growth response (23.80 ~c 1.18g), FCR was obtained in fish fed 60% I. aquatica (1.79 ~c 0.04), while the lowest was obtained in fish fed 15% I. aquatica. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the parameters of the treatments. The results revealed that any of the inclusion level can be used up to 60% inclusion level of I. aquatica. However, 15% inclusion level gave the best result in terms of growth

Fabusoro, A.A.

Idowu, A.A.

Odebiyi, C.O.

Odulate, D.O.

Aquatic Commons

Introduction
Fish feed is one of the major inputs in aquaculture productioa.which accounts for at least 60% of the total cost ofproduc-tion (Gabriel et aI., 2007). Fish feed technology is one of<theleast development sectors of aquaculture particularly inAfrica and other developing countries of the World (Gabriel et aI., 2007). The main constraints offish feed production
include scarcity of fish feedstuffs, high cost of ingredients, and competition of ingredients for human use. This constraints
havemotivated the research for local available, and cheap alternative protein feed source that compete less with human for
aquacultureindustry,which aim to reduce the cost of production without compromising fish quality. In the view of the world-
wide demand for additional sources of food to meet the needs of ever increasing population, the exploitation of plants of low
economic importance is a step towards better resource utilization (Telek and Martin 1983).
Water spinach (I. aquaticaforsk.y is a common emergent aquatic plant found in marshy or wet sandy areas or floating
on water.Water spinach or morning glory is basically a vine, which may form dense masses of tangled vegetation, thus de-
velopingimpenetrable canopies over the water surface, restricting light penetration into the depths. It is found growing wildly
in tropicaland subtropical countries and is cultivated widely in China, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Philippines,
Bangladesh,and India (Naskar, 1990). Water spinach (1. aquatica) is a vegetable that is consumed by people and animals
(KeanandPreston, 200 I). It has a short growth period, resistant to common insect pests, and can be cultivated either in dry or
floodedsoils. Moreover, water spinach is a vegetable with a high potential to convert efficiently the nib ogen in bio-digester
effluent into edible biomass with high protein content (Kean and Preston, 2001). Water spinach is a potential source of feed
proteinconcentrate; the edible portion contain up to 29% crude protein on a dry matter basis, and a number of nutrients and
minerals (Ly, 2002). He further stated that it has been used successfully for growing rabbits and pigs as the only source of
supplementaryprotein in a diet based on broken rice. Significantly, 1. aquatica contains very low amount of anti-nutritive
factorssuch as trypsin inhibitor, calcium oxalate, tannin, and phytate (MandaI et aI., 2008).Although, val 'ous leaf meals have
beenexperimented as potential fish feed ingredients to decrease diet cost, the use of water spinach leaf meal has not been ex-
perimented.It is against this background that the study was designed to evaluate the growth potentials of incorporating water
spinach leafmeal into the pelleted feed of juvenile C. gariepinus; a widely culturable fish species.
Abstract
Afeeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of 1. aquatica-based diet as dietary replacement of maize in the diets of
juvenile C. gariepinus. Five isonitrogenous diets wereformulated to contain 0% (control diet), 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% 1. aquatica.
Each Treatmentwas carried out in triplicate using ten C. gariepinus juvenile per replicate with mean initial weight of 9.0g. Thefish
werefed at 5% body weight per dayfor aperiod of 8 weeks. The best growth response in terms of mean weight gain was obtained in
fishfed 15% I.aquatica diet inclusion (35.57±3.44g), whilefishfed 60% 1. aquatica diet had the lowest growth response (23.80±J.18g),
the highest FeR was obtained in fish fed 60% 1. aquatica (J. 79±O.(J4),while the lowest was obtained in fish fed 15% I. aquatica
(J.58±0.06). Therewas no significant difference (p>O.05) in all the parameters of the treatments. The results revealed that any of the in-
clusion level can be used up to 60% inclusion level of 1. aquatica. However, 15% inclusion level gave the best result in terms of growth.
Keywords: I. aquatica, dietary ingredients, isonitrogenous, experimental diets, inclusion levels.
't,
)
Odulate, D. OJ Idowu, A. A. / Fabusoro, A.A. / Odebiyi, C. O.
aquatica-based diets
'. .
Growth performance of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed Ipomoea
82
355
Results
The proximate composition of experimental diets (Table 1) showed that the crude protein was highest (40.2%) in diet E and
least in Diet B (38.0%). It was observed that there was increase in crude protein, lipids, moisture and fiber content as the
level of 1. aquatica increases. Ash content did not depict any particular trend but ranged between 9.43 (Diet A) and 10.46 in
diet D. Rapid response to experimental diets was observed during the first week of the experiment; which gradually reduced
over time. This might be as a result of minimal feeding the fish were subjected to during acclimatization. Carcass proximate
composition of C gariepinus after the feeding trial showed increase in carcass protein as the level of inclusion of 1. aquatica
increase while other nutrients did not follow any particular trend. Table 2 shows the growth performance, feed utilization
and survival of C gariepinus fed varying of 1. aquatica based diets for eight weeks. There was no significant difference (P >
0.05) in the treatments in all the parameters measured with the exception of initial weight. Highest values were recorded in
fish fed with Diet B (15% inclusion level) for final mean weight, mean weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate, protein
efficiency ratio and survival rate but had the least in feed conversion ratio. Meanwhile, in terms of final mean weight, mean
ig. 1: Growth performance of juvenile Catfish fed I. aquatica diet inclusion.
Duration (week)
86543o
o
-DietE
••••• DiCf 0
- .. DidC
_Dieta
-- Diet A (ca>troI)-§, 25 '
~ 20 ~
15 1
1O~
5 -
:§ 30 ..
40.J
35 ~
50-
45 J
preparation
Fresh morning glory plant (Ipomoea aquatica) was collected from Iwopin, a wetland area in Ogun waterside, Nigeria. The
plant was rinsed of dirt and then put in envelopes and oven dried at 60°C (Fasakin, 2004). The dried plant was ground into
fine powder and sieved to obtain a homogenous
particle size. Other dietary ingredients used include
soybean meal, groundnut cake, fish meal and
maize; which were obtained from local feed store.
Five isonitrogenous experimental diets were pre-
pared containing a control diet (A) and four test
diets (B, C, D & E). In the test diets maize was
partially replaced with 1. aquatica at four inclusion
levels (15, 30, 45 and 60%). Each of the treatments
was carried out in triplicates. Catfish juveniles
were fed daily at 5% body weight for 8 weeks and
weighed on weekly basis. Crude protein, crude fi-
ber, lipids, ash and moisture were determined in
triplicate samples of the diets and fish carcass ac-
cording to methods AOAC (1999). Experimental tanks were inspected daily to remove dead fish, if any. Data on fish growth
and nutrient utilization parameters were determined every week. Data obtained were subjected to one-way analysis ofvari-
ance (ANaYA) and Duncan's multiple range test to compare differences between diet treatment means at 0.05 significance
level.
Valueswith cOl1lmonsuperscripts in horizontal row are not significantly different from each other at P > 0.05.
Table 2: Growth response, nutrient utilization parameters and survival of catfish fed varying levels of
f. aquatica-based diets.
Parameters Diet A Diet B DietC Diet 0 Diet E
Initial mean weight (g) 9.03±0.0 9.03±0.03a 9.17±0.03b 9..o7±0.03ab 9.07±0.03ab
Final mean weight (g) 42.67±4.97 44.60±3.47 38.40±4.31 43.30±7.98 32.87±1.21
Mean weight gain (g) 33.63±5.00 35.57±3.44 29.23±4.28 34.23±7.99 23.80±1.18
Feed intake (g) 54.00±4.43 55.76±3.58 49.54±2.77 53.88±6.41 42.74±2.96
Feed conversion ratio 1.64±0.10 1.58±0.06 1.76±O.15 1.70±O.27 1.79±O.O4
SGR (%/day) 2.75±0.21 2.B4±0.14 2.54±O.19 2.73±O.37 2.30±0.06
Protein intake 20.63±1.70 21.19±1.36 21.73±1.89 21.23±2.52 17.19±1.19
Protein efficiency ratio 1.61±0.11 1.67±0.06 1.35±0.16 1.56±0.22 1.39±0.03
Survival (%} 90.00±0.00 96.67±3.33 90.00±5.77 83.33±12.02 96.67±3.33
Table 1: Proximate composition (%) of experimental diets.
Parameters Diet A Diet B Diet C Diet D Diet E
Crude protein (%) 38.20 38.00 39.10 39.40 40.22
Fat(%) 10.10 11.20 11.70 11.80 11.70
Moisture (%) 9.00 9.40 9.10 9.20 9.60
Fibre (%) 2.80 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.80
Ash{%) 9.43 10.14 10.08 10.46 10.21
Materials and methods
The experiment was conducted in the Fish
Hatchery Complex, Federal University of Ag-
riculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. The flow through
'" system consisted of IS rectangular plastic
Z tanks. Each tank has a water holding capacity
q of 50 liters (L x B x H = 0.49 x 0.34 x 0.34 m),
~ but water was maintained at the 45 liters vol-....
>-3 ume throughout the study. One Hundred and Fifty (150) juvenile African mud catfish (C gariepinus) of average weight....o 9.0±0.05 g were obtained from Aqua Century Fish Farm, Abeokuta. Fish were randomly distributed at the stocking rate of 10
Z fish per tank in triplicate per treatment. The fish were acclimatized for one week (Okoye and Sule, 2001) and were fed with~
'1j control diet at 3% body weight twice daily (9:00--10:00GMT) and (18:00--19:00GMT) Madu and Aliko (2001). However,
~ feeding rate was adjusted to 5% body weight during the feeding trial. Fish were batch weighed for each treatment and repli-
::z: cate weekly with a weighing
~ balance (Mettler 60 I BD)
~ and feed was adjusted ac-
>-3 cordingly (Jauncey and
~ Ross, 1982).Water tempera-
::z: ture and pH were monitored
~ weekly with pHIECrrem-
8 perature meter, Hanna In-
C) struments (Model HI98l29)
>< while dissolved oxygen was
monitored with Jenway DO
meter (model 9071).
Diet formulation and
PROCEEDINGS OF 28TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, NOV. 25-30, 2013
357
REFERENCES
Alegbeleye, W. 0., Odulate, D.O., Obasa, S. O. and George, F. O. A. (2005). Potential of toasted Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) as a
substitute for full fat soybean meal in the diets for 0. niloticus fingerlings. Moor Journal of Agric. Research, 6/2: 92-98.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1999). Official Methods of Analysis. 14th ed. Williams (ed) Arlington, Virginia, 102p.
Bichi, A.H, and Ahmad, M.K. (2010). Growth performance and nutrient utilization of African catfish ed varying dietary levels of
processed cassava leaves, Bayero Journal ofPure and Applied Sciences, 3/1: 118-122.
Jauncey, K. and Ross, B. (1982). A guide to tilapia feeds and feeding. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling UK. 111p.
Kean, S. and Preston, T. R. (200 I). Comparison ofbiodigester effluent and urea as fertilizer for water spinach vegetable. M.Sc. Thesis.
University of Tropical Agriculture Foundation. 33-46.
Ly, J. (2002). The effect of methionine on digestion indices and Nitrogen balance of young Mong Cai pigs fed high levels of ensiled
cassava leaves. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 14/6, http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrdI4/6/1yI46.htm
Madu, C.T., and Aliko, K. T. (2001). The use of live maggot and live Tilapia fry as unconventional diets for juveniles of the catfish
(c. anquillaris) fish nutrition and fish feed technology in Nigeria. Eyo, A.A. (ed.). Proceedings, 1st Nat'l Symp. on Fish
Nutrition and Fish Feed Tech., NIOMR, Lagos. 72-80.
Mandai, R. N., Saha, G. S., Kalita, P. and Mukhopadhyay, P. K. (2008). Jpomoea aquatica - an aquaculture friendly macrophytes. Central
Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Tezpur University, Assam, India.
Naren T, R.B. Ogle, R.B. and Preston, T.R. (1994). Optimum protein supply and level of inclusion of water spinach (/. aquatica) in sugar
cane juice based diets for growing ducks. M.Sc.Thesis, University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala. 8-9.
Naskar, K. R. (J990). Aquatic & semi aquatic plants of lower Ganga delta, Daya publishing house, Delhi. 173-174.
Obasa, S. 0., Femi, 0., Adeosun, F. I. and Odulate, D. O. (2007). Growth response, nutrient utilization and survival of Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) fed varying levels of chaya leaf (c. chayamansa) meal. Asset Series, 711: 160--166.
Okoye, F. c., and Sule, O. D. (2001). Agricultural by-products of arid-zone of Nigeria and their utilization in fish feed, fish nutrition and
fish feed technology in Nigeria. Eyo A.A., (eds) Proceedings, 1st symposium, Fish Feed Tech. NIOMR Lagos. 8-13.
Sotolu, A. O. (2010). Growth performance of C. gariepinus fed varying inclusions of seed meal. Tropicultura, 28/3: 168-172.
Telek, L. and Martin, F.W. 1983. Tropical plants for leaf protein concentrate. Telek, L. and Graham, H.D., ed., Leaf Protein Concentrate.
AVI Publications. Ciudad, 81-1 J6p.
Discussion and conclusion
z:c
~
~The proximate composition of Ipomoea aquatica leaf meal used in the experiment revealed that the crude protein content, ~
crude fibre and ash content were lower compared to the result ofNaren et a!., 1994.These differences might be due to different 23
environmental conditions such as soil type, local varieties, and processing methods. All the experimental feeds were actively z:
fed upon and accepted by the fish throughout the experimental period which could be as a result of palatability of the feed ~
indicating that the levels of incorporation of 1. aquatica did not affect the palatability of the diets. ~
r/:JThere was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in all the parameters measured for growth and nutrient utilization of ::r:
c. gariepinus fed varying levels of I. aquatica. This observation showed that 1. aquatica can be supplemented for maize as >r:1
tr1high as 60% inclusion level in the diet of C. gariepinus without compromising growth performance. Despite this, Diet 2 tr1
(15% inclusion level) displayed superior growth performance than others. Bichi et al. (20I0) reported a different trend where tj~significant decrease in weight gain was observed when cassava leaf meal was supplemented in the diet of C. gariepinus. The tr1
olower growth response by fish fed cassava leaves inclusion was probably caused by reduced palatability of the diet which ::r:
causes reduction in feed intake. Obasa et a!. (2007) favourably replaced soybean meal with chaya leaf meal up to 20% in the z:odiet of Nile tilapia, 0. niloticus. Likewise, 0. niloticus fingerlings fed diet (10% replacement of soybean) showed optimum t-<
level of growth performance (Alegbeleye et aI., 2005). Leucaena seed meal was considered a good alternative raw material g
in substitution to soya bean meal for C. gariepinus fingerlings' diets at 20% inclusion level (Sotolu, 2010). The high survival -<
rate recorded in this study indicated that feeding C. gariepinus with 1. aquatica based diet does not lead to mortal ity of the
fish. The acceptance of 1. aquatica diets by C. gariepinus indicates that supplementation of maize with 1. aquatica could be
more profitable to fish farmers as maize is more expensive than l. aquatica, which is considered as weed.
The experiment showed that feeds were actively consumed by the experimental fish; C. gariepinus which brought an
increase in weight. Since there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the means of the treatments, it shows that any
of the inclusion level can be used up to 60% inclusion level of Ipomoea aquatica. However, 15%inclusion level of 1. aquatica
producedbest result in terms of growth. It is therefore recommended that 1. aquatica plant can be incorporated at 15% inclu-
sionwithout compromising fish growth.
I
\
If
PROCEEDINGS OF 28TH FISON ANNUAL CONFERENCE, NOV. 25-30, 2013
weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate and protein intake it was observed that Diet E (60% inclusion) had lowest values
with highest value (1.79) in feed conversion ratio. There were tremendous growth rates in most of the treatments, DietA, Diet
B, Diet C and Diet D whi Ie it was slow in Diet E between week 0 and week 3 as shown in Figure I. The growth was also more
rapid in DietA, Diet B, and Diet D than Diet C and Diet E between week 3 and week 8. Water quality parameters in the tank
during the experimental period indicated that dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 6.8 to 7.6 mg/I, pH between 7.20-7.42 and '-J
temperature from 28.8°C to 29.2°C....


Growth performance of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed Ipomoea aquatica based diets

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Growth performance of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed Ipomoea aquatica based diets

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