This study was conducted to investigate growth response of C. gariepinus fed diets containing C. albidum seed-meal replacing Five isonitrogenous diets containing maize which was replaced by C. albidum at a rate of 0,25, 50, 75 and 100% were made. Without C. albidum seed-meal served as the control, experimental diets were assigned randomly to the tanks and each group was fed 5% body weight in equal proportion per day. The fish fed diet 1 had the highest PCV while the fish fed diet 3 had the PCV. There was significant difference (p0.05) in the PCV of the fish fed diet 2, diet 3, diet 4, diet 5. A similar trend as observed for PCV was also Hb, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the WBC of the blood of the fish fed various treatments so also were neutrophyls and lymphocytes

Adebayo, M.D.

Ajasin, F.O.

Banjo, O.T.

Jimoh, W.A.

Olawepo, K.D.

Rifhat, A.O.

Aquatic Commons

rMaterials and Methods
• Seed collection and processing. Dried matured Chrysophylum albidum seeds were obtained from Bodija Market,
Ibadan Oyo State and they were processed by boiling in water (100°C) for 30 minutes. They were prepared by
grinding the samples in a laboratory mill, then mechanically defatted by the use of locally made screw press, and
sieved with a 200mm mesh size sieve, before putting in polyethylene bags and stored at 4°C. The cakes, there-
Introduction
eview of the animal and aqua feed industries in Nigeria made by Fagbenro and Adebayo (2006) revealed that most
atfish feeds are farm made, using locally available ingredients such as maize, soybean, fish meal, blood meal, rice
ran, fish oil, etc. Olurin et al. (2006) reported that maize is the major source of metabolizable energy feed ingredient
in most compounded diet for catfish species. This is because it is readily available and digestible. However, the increasing
prohibitive cost of this commodity has necessitated the need to search for alternative ingredients that will serve as a replace-
ment. Moreso, that FAO (2005) reported insufficient quantities of maize that are produced in Nigeria were predominantly
used for human consumption. Osuig-ve (2005) reported that high cost and scarcity of maize in formulated diet has led to the
use of under utilised energy sources; such as cassava root meal, wheat bran, sorghum meal.
Chrysophyllum albidum, from the Sapoteacea family is commonly found in the Central Eastern and Western Africa j
(Amusa et aI., 2003). They are distributed in Nigeria, Uganda. Niger, Cameroun, and Cote d'ivoire. It is often called the
white-star apple and distributed throughout southern Nigeria (Idowu et aI., 2006). Across Nigeria, it is known by several 10-
cal names; in the southwest the fruit is called "agbalumo," "udara" in the southeast and is generally regarded as a plant with
diverse ethno-rnedicinal uses (Am usa et al., 2003). Svobodova et al. (1991) opined that ichthyohernotology would be useful
in the assessment of suitability of feeds and feed mixture, evaluation of fish condition, determination of toxic effect of sub-
stances, as well as diagnosis of disease. The use of hematological values as indices of diagnosing diseases and stress induced
condition as well as for feed assessment is well documented (Fagbenro et aI., 1993, Adeparusi and Ajayi, (2004), George et
al., 2007 Yue and Zhou; 2008, Akintayo et aI., 2008). This work therefore seeks to study the hematological response of C.
gariepinus fed diet containing C. albidum seed-meal.
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate growth response ofC gariepinusfed diets containing C albidum seed-meal replacing maize.
Five isonitrogenous diets containing maize which was replaced by C albidum at a rate 0/0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% were made. The diet
without C albidum seed-meal served as the control. Experimental diets were assigned randomly 10the tanks and each group 0/ fish
wasfed 5% body weight in equal proportion per day. Thefish fed diet I had the highest PCV while thefish fed diet 3 had the lowest
PCV There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the PCV of thefish fed various dietary treatments. However; there was no significant
difference (p>0.05) in the PCV 0/ thefish fed diet 2, diet 3, diet 4, diet 5. A similar trend as observed for pcv was also observedfor
Hb, RBC, MCV,MCH and MCHC There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the WBCof the blood of thefish fed various dietary
treatments so also were neutrophyls and lymphocytes.
Keywords: C gariepinus, C albidum, maize, dietary treatment.
Jimoh, W. A. / Ajasin, F. O. / Adebayo, M. D. / Banjo, O. T. /
Rifhat, A. O. / Olauiepo, K. D.
Haematological changes in the blood of Clariasqariepinus fed
Chrysophyllum albidum seedmeal replacing maize
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) . This was expressed in picogrammes (pg)
This was obtained using the formula MCHC(%) = bI x{/)
2
PCV
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
The packed cell volume was measured after placing sealed microhaematocrit tube in a centrifuge at IO,500rpmusing microhaema-
tocrit reader and expressed as percentage.
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) was calculated from the haematocrit value (PCV,% and the Erythrocyte count (Er mm")
MCV (1l3) = PCV x 10 Er
Packed Cell Volume
H I bi Value obtainedx 17.2mg/1DDmlemogo m=
100
• Culture condition. C. gariepinus fingerlings were acclimated to experimental condition for 7 days prior to the
feeding trial. Groups of 15 catfish fingerlings were stocked into aquaria comprising 60 litre-capacity rectangular
plastic tanks. Each diet was fed to the catfish in triplicate tanks twice daily (09.00h, 16.00h) at 5% body weight for
56 days. Fish mortality was monitored daily, total fish weight in each tank was determined at two weeks intervals
and the amount of diet was adjusted according to the new weight.
• Hematological studies. The blood analyses were determined according to the method described by Svobodova et
al. (1991). The following were done.
• Blood analysis. 5-IOml blood samples were collected from cardiac puncture using 2ml disposable heparinised
syringe treated with EDTAas anticoagulant.
• Blood cell count. Haemocytometer was used in blood cell count. The blood diluting fluid was prepared as de-
scribed by Svobodova et aI. (1991). The blood cells were counted on the counting chamber of haemocytometer
with the aid of compound microscope.
• RBC = No of cells counted x 3 x lOx 200 (l O'rnm")
• WBC = no of cells counted x 0 x 25 x lOx 20 (lO'mm')
• Hemoglobin estimation. Haemoblobinometer was used for hemoglobin estimation based on acid haematin meth-
od (SAHLI)
CSM- Chrysophyllum albidum seedmeal. 'Specification: each kg contains: Vitamin A, 4,OOO,OOOTU;Vitamin B, BOO,OOOIU;Vitamin E,
16,OOOmg,Vitamin KyBOOmg; Vitamin B" 600mg; Vitamin B" 2,OOOmg;Vitamin B60 1,600mg, Vitamin B,,,Bmg; Niacin,16,OOOmg; Caplan,
4,OOOmg;Folic Acid, 400mg; Biotin, 40mg; Antioxidant 40,OOOmg; Chlorine chloride, 120,OOOmg;Manganese, 32,OOOmg; Iron 16,OOOmg; Zinc,
24,OOOmg;Copper 32,OOOmg; Iodine 320mg; Cobalt, 120mg; Selenium, BOOmgmanufactured by DSM Nutritional Products Europe Ltd., Basle.
CSM- Chrysophyllum albidum seedmeal
Table2: Gross composition of experimentaldiets (g/100g)containing C.albidum seedmealfed to C.gariepinus.
Moisture 9.75 -,10."".7,::,0,--_
Crudeprotein 72.4 45.74
Crudelipid ·10.45 9.68
Crudefibre 5.1°
Ash 8.32 4.48
NFE 30.00
Table1: Proximatecomposition of the protein feed ingredients.
Parameter Fish meal So beanmeal
fore, were analyzed for their proximate composition (AOAC 1990). Fish meal, soybean meal and other feedstuffs
obtained from commercial sources in Nigeria were separately milled screened to fine particle size, and triplicate
samples were analyzed for their proximate composition (AOAC, 1990). Based on the nutrient composition of the
protein feed stuff (Table I), a control diet and four test diets were formulated. The control diet contained maize
which was replaced by cooked C. albidum seedmeal. The rate of substitution was 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% (Table 2). '-I
PROCEEDINGS OF 28TH FISON ANNUAL CONFERENCE, NOV. 25-30, 2013
Discussion
The result of the proximate analysis of the diets to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic. The protein and lipid requirement of C.
gariepinus was met by the quantity provided in the diets. Uys and Hetch (1985) reported that the best growth rate and feed
conversion efficiency in juvenile and sub-adult C. gariepinus are achieved with diets containing 38-42% crude protein and
optimum liquid content of I0-J 1%.
The observed reduction in haematological parameters in C. gariepinus fed C. albidum meal in this study conform to
the report of Tacon (1992) and Jimoh 20] 2that nutritionally deficient diets can cause decrease in haemoglobin content, re-
duced PCV,and red blood cell count. The decrease in haematological parameters with increasing level of incorporation of C.
albidum meal agreed with the observation ofBlom et al. (2001); Dabrowski et al. (2001); Richard et al. (2003) and Fagbenro
et al. (2010. However, the values recorded for RBC, of the fish fed the dietary treatments were all within the range of normal
haematology ofa healthy fish (Fagbenro et aI., 1993;Rastogi, 2007). Erythrocyte count greater than Ix106/mm3 is considered
high and is indicative of high oxygen carrying capacity of the blood which is characteristic of fishes capable of aerial respira-
tion and with high activity. The PCV values recorded in this study fall within the normal range of20-38% for fish as reported
by Clarke et al. (1979) and Erondu et al. (1993).
Increase in white blood cell as observed in the fish fed C. albidum diets is attributed to increase in the production of
leucocyte in the haemotopoietic tissue of the kidney and perhaps the spleen. Akinwande ct al. (2004) reported that a measur-
Rows means with the same superscript are not significantly different from each other (p<O.OS).
Table 4: The haematological profile of Cfarias gariepinus fed diet containing Chrysophyflum albidum seedmeal.
01 02 03 04 05
25.S7±3.21a 12.00± 1.00b 11.S7±0.5Bb 12.S7±3.Q6b 12.00± 1.00b
HB B.SO±1.13a 4.00±0.20b 3.93±0.12b 4.23±0.97b 4.00±0.20b
1.05±0.09b 1.04±0.05b 1.11±0.27b 1.06±0.11b
140.S7±B.26 177±Sl.B2 190.23±7B.30 133.B3±12.91
SO.00±5.00 S5.S7± 11.S0 70.33± 10.50 31.70±2.90
40.00±5.00 34.33± 11.S9 29.67±10.50 31.67±2.B9
99.1O±12,44" 4S.33±3.B5b 45.03±2.19b 4B.90±11.B2b 4S.33±3.B5b
MCH 30.77±4.0sa 14.30±0.70b 13.97±0.3Sb lS.17 ±3,4Bb 14.30±0.70
MCHC 23.133±2.B4" 10.BO±0.90b 10.70±0,46b 11,40±2.72b 10.73± 1.0Sb
• Raematological profile. Table 4 shows the haematological profile of C. gariepinus fed diet containing C. albidum
seedmeal. The fish fed diet 1 had the highest PCV while the fish fed at diet3 had the lowest PCY. There was sig-
nificant different (p<0.05) in the PCV of the fish fed various dietary treatments. However, there was no significant
difference (p>0.05) in the PCV of the fish fed diet2, diet3, diet4, diet5. Similar trends as observed for PCV were
also observed for Hb, RBC, MCV,MCH and MCHC. These was no significant difference in the WBC of the blood
of the fish fed various dietary treatment so also were neutrophyl and lymphocyte.
Row means without superscript arenot significantly different (p>O.05)from one anot/ler.
Parameter 01 02 03 04 OS
Moisture 9.24±0.11 9.20±0.03 9.1S±0.13 9.12±0.10 9.23±0.OS
Crude protein 40.23±0.OS 40.20±0.OB 40.2S±0.lS 40.23±0.OS 40.20±0.12
Crude lipid 12.17±0.09 12.20±0.OS 12.1S±0.12 12.1S±0.OB 12.20±0.13
Crude fibre 4.S9±0,4S 4.1S±0.11 4.16±0.10 4.16±0.OS 4.13±0.OS
Ash 4.4B±0.06 4.60±0,4S 4.S0±0.32 4.33±0,40 4.37±0.31
Nfe 29.29±0.31 29.71±0.Sl 29.BO±0.SO 29.10±0,40 29.93±0.30
..
zc:
o-:J:c:=i Results
o • Proximate composition of the experimental diets. Table 3 shows the proximate composition of the experimental
Z diets. It reveals the diets to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic as there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the
~ crude protein and crude lipid content of the diet. The protein and lipid requirement of C. gariepinus was met by the
~ 40 and 12% provided in the experimental diets. All the fish responded well to the dietary treatment given to them.
(/)
:I:
'Ii Table 3: The proximate composition of experimental diets containing C.afbidum seed meal fed to C.gariepinus
tl1
tl1
t1
o-:J
tl1o
:I:
Zo
t-<oo
0<
• Statistical analysis. Data obtained from the experiment was expressed in mean ± SD and it was subjected to one
way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 16.0 version. Where the ANOVA reveals significant difference
(P<0.05) Duncan multiple range test was used to compare differences among individual treatment means.
MCH (g )= hI X UJ 2
E
PROCEEDINGS OF 28TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, NOV. 25-30, 2013
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able increase in WBC offish is a function of immunity response to vulnerable illness and disease. Thus it can be concluded
that not much stress is placed on the health of C, gariepinus fed C. albidum seed meal replacing soybean meal
PROCEEDINGS OF 28TH FISON ANNUAL CONFERENCE, NOV. 25-30, 2013


Haematological changes in the blood of Clarias gariepinus fed Chrysophyllum albidum seedmeal replacing maize

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Haematological changes in the blood of Clarias gariepinus fed Chrysophyllum albidum seedmeal replacing maize

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