The present investigation was undertaken to find the impact of abiotic factors on seasonal incidence and sucking pest complex of brinjal under field conditions during kharif 2015-2016. The incidence of leaf hopper population (2.80 Lh/L i.e., Leaf hopper mean population/leaf) was noticed during 34th standard week and reached peak by 40th standard week (5.00 Lh/L) (October) whereas the aphid population was noticed during the 34th standard week (3.00 Lh/L) and peak population observed during the 40th standard week (4.60 Lh/L) (October). Correlation studies showed that among the various abiotic factors, maximum temperature showed highly significant positive correlation (r= 0.77) and sunshine hours (r = 0.61) showed significant positive correlation with the leaf hopper population. In case of aphid population, maximum temperature showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.70), rainfall showed highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.74) and relative humidity evening (r = -0.59) showed significant negative correlation with aphid population. The present investigations will give a brief idea about how the abiotic factors influencing the sucking pests of brinjal

Javed, Shaik

Lakshmi, K. Vijaya

Reddy, C. Narendra

Shanthi, M.

VidyaSagar, B.

The present investigation was undertaken to find the impact of abiotic factors on seasonal incidence and sucking pest complex of brinjal under field conditions during kharif 2015-2016. The incidence of leaf hopper population (2.80 Lh/L i.e., Leaf hopper mean population/leaf) was noticed during 34th standard week and reached peak by 40th standard week (5.00 Lh/L) (October) whereas the aphid population was noticed during the 34th standard week (3.00 Lh/L) and peak population observed during the 40th standard week (4.60 Lh/L) (October). Correlation studies showed that among the various abiotic factors, maximum temperature showed highly significant positive correlation (r= 0.77) and sunshine hours (r = 0.61) showed significant positive correlation with the leaf hopper population. In case of aphid population, maximum temperature showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.70), rainfall showed highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.74) and relative humidity evening (r = -0.59) showed significant negative correlation with aphid population. The present investigations will give a brief idea about how the abiotic factors influencing the sucking pests of brinjal.</jats:p

Shaik Javed

K. Vijaya Lakshmi

C. Narendra Reddy

B. VidyaSagar

M. Shanthi

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Journal of Applied and Natural Science

Study of seasonal incidence and impact of abiotic factors on sucking pests of brinjal

  2008APPLIED    ANDNATURAL SCIENCEFOUNDATIONANSFJANS Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9 (1): 51– 54 (2017) Study of seasonal incidence and impact of abiotic factors on sucking pests of brinjal Shaik Javed*, K. Vijaya Lakshmi, C. Narendra Reddy, B. Vidya Sagar and M. Shanthi Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural  University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -500030 (Telangana), INDIA *Corresponding author. E-mail: skjaved789@gmail.com Received: April 7, 2016; Revised received: November 2, 2016; Accepted: January 6, 2017 Abstract: The present investigation was undertaken to find the impact of abiotic factors on seasonal incidence and sucking pest complex of brinjal under field conditions during kharif 2015-2016. The incidence of leaf hopper popula-tion (2.80 Lh/L i.e., Leaf hopper mean population/leaf) was noticed during 34 th standard week and reached peak by 40th standard week (5.00 Lh/L) (October) whereas the aphid population was noticed during the 34 th standard week (3.00 Lh/L) and peak population observed during the 40th standard week (4.60 Lh/L) (October). Correlation studies showed that among the various abiotic factors, maximum temperature showed highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.77) and sunshine hours (r = 0.61) showed significant positive correlation with the leaf hopper population. In case of aphid population, maximum temperature showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.70), rainfall showed highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.74) and relative humidity evening (r = -0.59) showed significant negative correlation with aphid population. The present investigations will give a brief idea about how the abiotic factors  influencing the sucking pests of brinjal. Keywords: Abiotic factors, Aphids, Brinjal, Leaf hoppers INTRODUCTION  Brinjal, Solanum melongena L. is one of the most  important vegetables in South Asia which accounts for almost fifty percent of the world’s area under cultiva-tion. (Alam et al., 2003). In India, brinjal is an  important commercial vegetable crop grown through-out the year over the country (Pareet, 2009). Due to its versatility in use in Indian food, brinjal is often  described as the ‘King of vegetables’ (Choudhary and Gaur, 2009). Based on its highest production potential and availability of the produce to consumers, it is also termed as common man’s vegetable. In India brinjal is cultivated over an area of 711.3 thousand hectares with an annual production of 13557.8 thousand MT and productivity of 19.1 MT/ha.  In the brinjal field, various pests prevail during seed-ling to harvesting stage and the loss caused by brinjal pests vary from season to season depending upon envi-ronmental factors (Anjali et al., 2012). The crop was attacked by number of sucking pests during vegetative stage. Among the sucking pests, leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida), Aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennaus) cause significant damage during vegetative stage. Sucking pests are highly governed by various abiotic factors and meteorological parameters play a pivotal role in the biology of sucking pest. Temperature, relative hu-midity, rainfall, wind speed, evaporation and sunshine ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online)  All Rights Reserved © Applied and Natural Science Foundation  www.jans.ansfoundation.org hours weather parameters that directly influence the activity of a given species of insect. Hence, it is neces-sary to have a thorough knowledge on seasonal inci-dence of different sucking pests with respect to abiotic factors, which helps in developing pest prediction models for forecasting pest incidence. The investiga-tion was therefore, undertaken to find out the impact of the weather factors on the incidence of pest complex of brinjal. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the College Farm, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad on brinjal local-ly popular variety, Shyamla during Kharif 2015-16. For sowing the seed, nursery bed was prepared to fine tilth and raised to about 15 cm height with 1m width and convenient length. Seeds were sown during first week of July 2015 about 6 cm apart between the lines and covered with fine soil and watered regularly. The transplanting of seedlings was done during the first week of August. One month old seedlings were trans-planted at two seedlings per hill in a bulk plot of 600 m2 by adopting 75 cm x 60 cm spacing. The experi-mental field was divided into three blocks and each block was considered as a replication. All recommend-ed agronomical practices were followed from time to time to raise the crop successfully.  52 The data were recorded on pest population in the field at weekly interval (Standard Week) from the initiation of the pest infestation and was continued up to crop maturity. A total of 5 plants from each replication were selected and tagged for recording the observations on sucking pests. The population of both nymphs and adults of leaf hopper and aphids were counted during early morning hours on 3 leaves (each from top, mid-dle and bottom canopy) from each of the 5 selected and tagged plants. Weekly data on different abiotic factors was also recorded. Data so obtained was then subjected to statistical analysis for correlation, test of significance and step down multiple linear regression. Combined effect of weather parameters on pest popu-lations were identifies by using the Multiple Linear Regression Step Down analysis. The following formu-lae were used to express the effect of weather parame-ters on pest populations.  Y= a +bx1+bx2+……bxn RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The observations recorded on the different sucking pests viz. leaf hopper and aphids during kharif 2015-16 were presented in the table 1. Indicated that initial inci-dence was observed two weeks after transplanting. Though the leaf hopper population recorded up to 45th standard week, it was found declining further from (4.60 leaf hoppers/leaf) 41st standard week to 2.40 leaf hoppers/ leaf by 45th standard week. Lowest leaf hop-per population (1.40 leaf hoppers /leaf) were recorded during the 38th standard week.  Correlation studies were carried out to find out the effect of abiotic factors on the leaf hopper population. The results (Table.3, figs.1, 2) indicated that leaf hop-per population has highly significant and positive cor-relation with the maximum temperature (r =0.77), sig-Shaik Javed et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 9 (1): 51– 54 (2017) Table 1. Incidence of leaf hopper population in brinjal influenced by weather parameters for five plants/replication.  Standard weeks Dates of standard weeks Leaf hop-per mean popula-tion/leaf Temperature Relative  humidity Rainfall (mm) Wind speed (km/hr) Sun-shine (hrs.)   Evapo-ration (mm)  Max. (°C) Min. (°C) I  (%) II  (%) 34 Agu.20-26 2.80 30.43 22.43 89.71 69.00 4.29 3.66 3.66 3.53 35 Aug.27-sep.02 3.80 31.50 22.71 90.57 64.57 7.06 3.29 6.63 5.37 36 Sept.03-09 2.60 30.07 22.14 83.29 66.71 4.09 3.63 3.90 5.17 37 Sept.10-16 4.80 33.43 22.93 88.43 59.14 4.40 1.41 7.17 5.56 38 Sept.17-23 1.40 28.36 21.93 95.86 85.71 13.14 0.80 1.67 2.50 39 Sept.24-30 3.20 30.43 22.21 89.57 61.00 6.20 1.21 4.43 3.51 40 Oct.01-07 5.00 31.93 22.29 89.43 57.57 0.29 0.20 7.16 4.33 41 Oct.08-14 4.60 31.36 21.14 96.00 55.00 4.94 0.20 5.84 3.43 42 Oct.15-21 4.20 33.36 19.57 88.43 37.43 0.00 0.13 7.89 4.50 43 Oct.22-28 3.80 32.79 19.14 91.71 42.00 0.00 0.61 8.36 4.47 44 Oct.29-Nov.04 3.20 32.43 18.14 89.29 43.57 0.00 1.80 8.94 4.69 45 Nov.05-11 2.40 31.29 20.71 91.71 50.86 2.61 1.34 7.33 3.57 Table 2. Incidence of aphid population in brinjal influenced by weather parameters for five plants/replication.  Standard weeks Dates of stand-ard weeks Aphid popula-tion/leaf Temperature Relative  humidity Rainfall (mm) wind speed (km/hr) Sun-shine (hrs.)   Evapo-ration (mm)  Max. (°C) Min. (°C) I (%) II (%) 34 Agu.20-26 3.00 30.43 22.43 89.71 69.00 4.29 3.66 3.66 3.53 35 Aug.27-sep.02 2.60 31.50 22.71 90.57 64.57 7.06 3.29 6.63 5.37 36 Sept.03-09 2.80 30.07 22.14 83.29 66.71 4.09 3.63 3.90 5.17 37 Sept.10-16 3.40 33.43 22.93 88.43 59.14 4.40 1.41 7.17 5.56 38 Sept.17-23 0.80 28.36 21.93 95.86 85.71 13.14 0.80 1.67 2.50 39 Sept.24-30 3.00 30.43 22.21 89.57 61.00 6.20 1.21 4.43 3.51 40 Oct.01-07 4.60 31.93 22.29 89.43 57.57 0.29 0.20 7.16 4.33 41 Oct.08-14 3.40 31.36 21.14 96.00 55.00 4.94 0.20 5.84 3.43 42 Oct.15-21 4.00 33.36 19.57 88.43 37.43 0.00 0.13 7.89 4.50 43 Oct.22-28 3.60 32.79 19.14 91.71 42.00 0.00 0.61 8.36 4.47 44 Oct.29-Nov.04 2.80 32.43 18.14 89.29 43.57 0.00 1.80 8.94 4.69 45 Nov.05-11 1.80 31.29 20.71 91.71 50.86 2.61 1.34 7.33 3.57 Table 3. Correlation coefficient studies correlated between sucking pests of brinjal and weather parameters.  Insect pest of brinjal Temperature Relative humidity Rainfall (mm) Wind speed (km/hr.) Sunshine hours (hrs.) Evaporation (mm)  Max. (°C) Min. (°C) I (%) II (%) Leafhopper 0.77** 0.02 -0.10 -0.52 -0.53 -0.38 0.61* 0.51 Aphid 0.70* 0.09 -0.36 -0.59* -0.74** -0.28 0.54 0.46  53 nificant and positive correlation with the sunshine hours (r = 0.61). Relative humidity I (r = -0.10), rela-tive humidity II (r =-0.52), rainfall (r =-0.53) and wind speed (r = -0.38) are showed negative but non-significant correlation with leaf hopper population, whereas minimum temperature (r = 0.02) and evapora-tion (r = 0.51) are showed non-significant positive cor-relation with leaf hopper population. The present ob-servations are in confirmation with findings of Tiwari et al. (2011) where they found that maximum tempera-ture (0.7241), minimum temperature (0.6912), sun-shine hours (0.130) showed significant positive corre-lation with the leaf hopper population Amrasca bi-gutulla bigutulla . Similar results were obtained by Naik et al. (2009) and Meena et al. (2010) they found that the association of leaf hopper population was posi-tive and non-significant with rainfall during 2010-11, while, it was negative and significant during 2011-12. The results of the correlation values were in close agreement with the results of Omprakash et al. (2013) where the maximum temperature (0.373), minimum temperature (0.214) were positively correlated ; where-as rainfall (-0.483), relative humidity I (-0.421), rela-tive humidity II (-0.228) were negatively correlated. The similar results were also reported by Patel et al. (2015). In their findings also, the correlation values for maximum temperature (0.5570), minimum temperature (0.3183) and wind velocity (0.1748km/hr.) have shown positive correlation with leaf hopper population, whereas relative humidity I (-0.1621), relative humidi-ty II (-0.0593) and rainfall (-0.3746) showed the nega-tive correlation. To find out the combined effect of weather parameters on leaf hopper populations for that Multiple Linear Regression Step Down analysis was carried out. Among all the parameters minimum temperature, RH-I, rainfall, wind speed and evaporation showed 77 per cent impact on the leaf hopper population. Y = -23.34 +0.45* minimum temperature +0.16* RH-I -0.21* rainfall -0.35* wind speed +0.78* evaporation (R2 = 0.77) The incidence of Aphis gossypii nymphs and adults population was observed during crop growing period kharif 2015-16 are presented in the table 2. Initial inci-dence was observed two weeks after transplanting. Though the aphid population recorded up to 45th stand-ard week (1.80 aphids/leaf), it was found declining further from 43rd standard week i.e., 3.60 to 1.80 aphids/leaf by 45th standard week. Lowest aphid popu-lation (0.80 aphids/leaf) were recorded during the 38th standard week.  To find out the effect of abiotic factors on the aphids population can be done by using the Correlation stud-ies. The results (Table.3, figs.3&4) indicated that aphid population has highly significant and positive correla-tion with the maximum temperature (r =0.70), highly significant and negative correlation with the rainfall (r = -0.74) and significant with negative correlation was showed by Relative humidity II (r = -0.59). Relative humidity I (r =-0.36) and wind speed (r =-0.28) showed non-significant negative correlation, whereas minimum temperature (r = 0.09), sunshine hours (r = Shaik Javed et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 9 (1): 51– 54 (2017) Fig.1. linear regression equation between leaf hopper  population and maximum temperature in brinjal. Fig.2. linear regression equation between leaf hopper  population and evaporation in brinjal. Fig.3. linear regression equation between aphid population and maximum temperature in brinjal. Fig.4. linear regression equation between aphid population and rainfall in brinjal.  54 0.54) and evaporation (r = 0.46) showed non-significant positive correlation with aphid population.  The correlation values of the present experiment were in close agreement with the findings of Patel et al. (2015) where the correlation values for maximum tem-perature (0.6070), minimum temperature (0.2909) and wind velocity (0.1548km/hr.) have shown positive correlation with aphid population, and relative humidi-ty I (-0.2160), relative humidity II (-0.1207), rainfall (-0.3961) showed the negative correlation. Multiple Linear Regression Step Down analysis was carried out to find out the combined effect of weather parameters on aphid population. Among all the param-eters minimum temperature, rainfall, wind speed, sun-shine hours and evaporation showed 68 per cent im-pact on the aphid population. Y = -1.76 +0.27* minimum temperature -0.28* rainfall -0.37* wind speed -0.20* sunshine hours +0.40*  evaporation (R2 = 0.68) Conclusion The present experiment provides an insight on popula-tion dynamics of insect pests of brinjal. It can be  concluded that seasonal population fluctuation of  major insect pests on brinjal crop is greatly influenced by abiotic factors and peak population levels were  observed during September to October. Leaf hopper population (2.80) was noticed during 34th standard week and reached peak by 40th standard week (5.00) (October) whereas the aphid population was noticed during the 34th standard week (3.00) and peak popula-tion observed during the 40th standard week (4.60) (October). The statistically significant values indicated that occurrence of insect pests population were due to the prevailing ecological conditions. The management of brinjal pest complex during kharif sown brinjal  under tropical and semi tropical zones should therefore be promoted and tailored from July/August onwards using integrated approaches.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researcher’s team is sincerely thankful to the  Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University for providing research facilities. We also thank UGC for providing financial assistance through Award of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellow-ship (MANF) during the research. REFERENCES Alam, S. N., Rashid, M. A., Rouf, F. M. A., Jhala, R. C. and Patel, J. R. (2003). Development of an integrated pest management strategy for eggplant fruit and shoot borer in South Asia, Tech. Bull. AVRDC, pp. 28. Anjali, M., Singh, N. P., Mahesh, M. and Swaroop, S. (2012).  Seasonal incidence and effect of abiotic factors on population dynamics of major insect pests on brinjal crop. J. Environ. Res. Develop., 7(1): 431-435 Choudhary, B. and Gaur, K. (2009). The development and regulation of Bt. Brinjal in India (Eggplant/Aubergine). ISAAA. Brief No. 38 Meena, N. K., Kanwat, P. M., Meena, A. and Sharma, J. K. (2010). Seasonal incidence of jassids and whiteflies on okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench in semi-arid region of Rajastan. Annals of Agri Bio Research, 15(1): 25-29  Naik, C. B., Rao, V. A., Krishnayya, P. V. and Chalam, M.S.V. (2009). Seasonal incidence and management of Bemisia tabaci and Amrasca biguttula biguttula of brin-jal. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci., 17: 9-13 Omprakash, S., Raju, S. V. S. and Rajkumar, B. V. (2013). Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the seasonal incidence of major sucking pests of brinjal. Journal of Progressive Agriculture, 4(2): 87-90 Pareet, J. D. and Basavanagoud, K. (2009). Evaluation of bio-pesticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer and sucking pests. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 17(2):463-464 Patel, H. V., Radadia, G. G. and Chavda, S. K.  (2015).  Sea-sonal incidence of major insect pests of brinjal crop during summer season. Insect Environment,  20(4):149-151 Shaik Javed et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 9 (1): 51– 54 (2017) 

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Study of seasonal incidence and impact of abiotic factors on sucking pests of brinjal

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