Forty three genotypes of maize were evaluated for eleven traits at the College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the genetic divergence and various genetic parameters. There was a significant (P&lt;0.01) difference between genotypes for all the characters, which revealed wide range of variability and high heritability for all the characters. The genetic advance as percent of mean was high for grain yield per plant (73.19%), ear height (51.05%), number of kernels per row (44.40%), plant height (43.46%), 100 grain weight (42.88%), ear length (30.79%), number of kernel rows per ear (25.23%), and ear girth (22.37%) indicating additive gene action for these traits. D2 analysis partitioned the forty three genotypes in to six clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance (39.38) was observed between cluster I and cluster V. Grain yield per plant (38.43%), plant height (14.29%), 100 grain weight (12.85%) and number of kernels per row (12.07%) contributed greatly towards diversity

Maruthi, R. T.

Rani, K. Jhansi

Forty three genotypes of maize were evaluated for eleven traits at the College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the genetic divergence and various genetic parameters. There was a significant (P&lt;0.01) difference between genotypes for all the characters, which revealed wide range of variability and high heritability for all the characters. The genetic advance as percent of mean was high for grain yield per plant (73.19%), ear height (51.05%), number of kernels per row (44.40%), plant height (43.46%), 100 grain weight (42.88%), ear length (30.79%), number of kernel rows per ear (25.23%), and ear girth (22.37%) indicating additive gene action for these traits. D2 analysis partitioned the forty three genotypes in to six clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance (39.38) was observed between cluster I and cluster V. Grain yield per plant (38.43%), plant height (14.29%), 100 grain weight (12.85%) and number of kernels per row (12.07%) contributed greatly towards diversity.</jats:p

R. T. Maruthi

K. Jhansi Rani

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Journal of Applied and Natural Science

Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance estimates in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines

  2008APPLIED    ANDNATURAL SCIENCEFOUNDATIONANSFJANS Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7 (1) : 149 – 154 (2015) Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance estimates in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines R. T. Maruthi 1* and K. Jhansi Rani 2 1Crop Improvement Division, Central Research Institute for Jute & Allied Fibres,   Barrackpore, Kolkata- 700 120 (West Bengal), INDIA 2Department of Seed Science and Technology, ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad- 500 030 (Andhra Pradesh), INDIA *Corresponding author. E-mail: maru7806@gmail.com  Received: November 15, 2014; Revised received: February 21, 2015; Accepted: March 20, 2015 Abstract: Forty three genotypes of maize were evaluated for eleven traits at the College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the genetic divergence and various genetic parameters. There was a significant (P<0.01) difference between genotypes for all the characters, which revealed wide range of variability and high heritability for all the characters. The genetic advance as percent of mean was high for grain yield per plant (73.19%), ear height (51.05%), number of kernels per row (44.40%), plant height (43.46%), 100 grain weight (42.88%), ear length (30.79%), number of kernel rows per ear (25.23%), and ear girth (22.37%) indicating additive gene action for these traits. D2 analysis partitioned the forty three genotypes in to six clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance (39.38) was observed between cluster I and cluster V. Grain yield per plant (38.43%), plant height (14.29%), 100 grain weight (12.85%) and number of kernels per row (12.07%) contributed greatly towards diversity.  Keywords: Cluster analysis, Genetic advance, Heritability, Maize INTRODUCTION In India, the production of maize over the years has increased linearly and major breakthrough was experienced at the dawn of 21st century, associated with the development and release of more number of hybrids during this  period. Recent emphasis on development of high yielding hybrids in preference to a continued dependence on composites has yielded rich dividends. This emphasis is likely to ensure still higher growth rates in productivity of this versatile crop in the years to come. There is still a considerable scope to improve productivity and adaptability by breeding heterotic hybrids (Grzesiak, 2001). Achievements in hybrid development should be  adequately backed up by germplasm enhancement, synthesizing of gene pools and heterotic populations representing variability for diverse requirement (Reif et al., 2005). The knowledge of nature and magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic variability present in the crop species plays a vital role in formulating a successful breeding programme to evolve superior cultivars (Abdurakhmonov and Abdukarimov, 2008). Progress in any breeding programme depends upon the magnitude of useful variability present in the population and the extent to which the desirable characters are heritable. Thus, the study and utilization of existing variability becomes highly essential. Keeping the foregoing points in view, the present investigation was undertaken with a ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online)  All Rights Reserved © Applied and Natural Science Foundation  www.ansfoundation.org view (a) to estimate genetic variance, heritability and genetic advance (b) to investigate the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity in 43 maize genotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental material used in the study comprised of forty stabilized inbred lines and three hybrid checks and were obtained from Maize Research Centre, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Hyderabad (Table 1). The seeds were sown in a  randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar. Each entry in each replication consisted of two rows of fifteen plants. Spacing between rows and between plants was 60 cm and 15 cm, respectively. The crop was raised as per the recommended package of practices to obtain proper plant stand in the experiment. The pre and post-harvest observations like days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, days to maturity, plant height (cm), ear height (cm), ear length (cm), ear girth (cm), no. of kernel rows per ear, no. of kernels per row, 100 grain weight (g), grain yield/plant (g) were recorded on five plants selected at random from each genotype in each replication. Standard statistical procedure was used for analysis of variance, and for genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation (Burton and Devane, 1953), heritability (Hanson et al., 1956) and genetic advance. Multivariate analysis was done as per Mahalanobis’s D2 statistics 150  R. T. Maruthi and K. Jhansi Rani / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 7 (1) : 149 – 154 (2015) and the genotypes were grouped into different clusters following Tochers’s method (Rao, 1952). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P<0.01) differences among the genotypes for all the characters indicating presence of sufficient amount of variability in all the characters studied (Table 2). The phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV) were highest for plant height, ear height, number of kernels per row and 100 grain weight suggesting that these characters are under the influence of genetic control (Table 3). Likewise Kumar et al., (2014) and Nzuve et al., (2014) also  reported highest GCV and PCV for plant height, ear height, 100-grain weight and number of kernels per row. Hence, these characters can be relied upon and simple selection can be practiced for further improvement. Days to 50 per cent tasseling recorded low GCV indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. Similarly, while studying variability for protein content and grain yield in maize genotypes Krishnam Raju, (2001) also found predominance of non-additive gene action for days to 50 per cent tasseling.  Heritability estimates revealed the heritable portion of variability present in different characters (Table 3). The knowledge of heritability enables the plant breeder to decide the course of selection procedure to be followed under a given situation (Li and Yang, 1985). However heritability values coupled with genetic advance would be more reliable and useful in formulating selection procedure. In the present study, heritability estimates were high for all the characters studied. This suggested the greater effectiveness of selection and improvement to be expected for these characters in future breeding programme as the genetic variance is mostly due to the additive gene action. Similarly, high heritability estimates for plant height, number of kernels per row and 100 grain weight were reported by Choudhary and Chaudary, (2002) and for grain yield per plant by Zahid -Mahmood et al., (2004) and Sofi and Rather, (2007).  Genetic advance as per cent of mean was also high for grain yield per plant, ear height, plant height, number of kernels per row, number of kernel rows per ear, ear length, ear girth and 100 grain weight (Table 3). Similarly Bekele and Rao, (2014) also reported high genetic  advance for plant height, number of kernel rows per ear, 100 grain weight, ear height, grain yield per plot. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance noticed for these traits indicate the role of additive gene action in controlling the traits, hence pedigree method of breeding will be a rewarding one to improve the traits under investigation. Other traits like days to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking and days to maturity recorded high heritability with low genetic advance as per cent of mean, indicating that the characters were influenced by the environment and were not stable. Forty three inbred lines of maize were grouped into 6 clusters (Table 4). The magnitude of D values (Table Table 1. List of forty three maize genotypes. S. N. Genotypes Source S. N. Genotypes Source 1. CM 104 A.Theo-21 23 3001 MMH – 9807 2. CM 105 Peru-330 24 3002 Suwan – 1 (ps) 3. CM 114 Eto 25A 25 3003 Suwan – 1(ws) 4. CM 115 Eto 182 26 3004 Suwan – 3 5. CM 118 PTR (Petro) 27 3005 NC – 300 6. CM 119 R 109 28 3008 Nech – 02 7. CM 120 C 103 29 3009 SRRL – 65 8. CM 121 Adec-C 30 3010 Tolumen 9. CM 130 CM-111 31 3012 Nizambad local 10. CM 131 X-131 32 3014 Across 11. CM 132 B-57 33 3016 BML 15 12. CM 133 A 670 34 3017 CML 226 13. CM 149 (X2Y pool-inbred x Suwan-inbred) 35 3022 CM 213 14. CM 201 G 715 36 3023 Pro 322 15. CM 202 C 121 37 3025 LM 6 16. CM 206 SS-III 38 3026 BML 13 17. CM 208 C 121E 39 3030 BH (JK2293 x LM5)derived inbred 18. CM 209 RN-6 40 3035 Danphong 19. CM 210 SS-III Checks 20. CM 211 C 121E 41 BH-40625 BML 6 x BML 7 21. BML-6 SRRL 65 42 BH-1576 BML 6 x BML 15 22. BML-7 X2Y Pool x CML 226 43 BH-2187 CM 148 x CM 149 151  Table 2.  Analysis of variance for eleven characters in maize. Sources of Variation df Days to 50% tas-seling Days to 50%silking Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Ear height (cm) Ear length  (cm) Ear girth (cm) No of kernel rows/ ear No of kernels per row 100 grain weight (g) Grain yield/ plant (g) Replications 2 1.98 12.84 12.79 13.37 23.87 0.54 0.01 0.03 2.8 2.58 35.44 Genotypes 42 53.82** 48.64** 49.32** 1764.10** 593.42** 13.79** 7.43** 10.18** 98.80** 102.11** 2906.01** Error 84 2.21 2.92 2.74 6.06 10.43 0.34 0.34 0.41 2.83 1.26 90.82 SEm ±   0.86 0.99 0.96 1.44 1.87 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.97 0.65 5.5 CV (%)   1.9 2.16 1.51 2.19 5.9 4.24 4.38 4.63 6.69 4.1 11.58 CD (5%)   2.42 2.78 2.69 4.05 5.26 0.94 0.94 1.05 2.74 1.82 15.5 * and ** significant at P = 0.05 and P = 0.01 level of significance, respectively. Table 3. Estimation of variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for eleven characters in forty three genotypes of maize. S.N. Characters Mean ± Sem Range PCV (%) GCV (%) h2bs (%) GA as per cent of mean Minimum Maximum 1 Days to 50 percent  tasseling 78.00±0.86 71.00 86.00 5.32 5.65 88.63 10.31 2 Days to 50 percent  silking 79.00±0.99 72.00 87.00 4.92 5.37 83.90 9.29 3 Days to maturity 109.00±0.96 102.00 118.00 3.60 3.91 84.98 6.84 4 Plant height (cm) 113.81±1.44 78.00 177.67 21.21 21.31 98.98 43.46 5 Ear height (cm) 54.74±1.87 27.67 88.33 25.48 26.21 94.56 51.05 6 Ear length (cm) 13.67±0.34 08.53 19.27 15.49 16.06 93.05 30.79 7 Ear girth (cm) 13.25±0.34 10.47 16.47 11.61 12.40 87.55 22.37 8 Number of kernel rows per ear 14.00±0.37 10.00 18.00 13.00 13.80 88.76 25.23 9 Number of kernels per row  25.00±0.97 14.00 40.00 22.49 23.46 91.87 44.40 10 100 grain weight (g) 27.35±0.65 15.67 35.00 21.00 21.59 96.40 42.88 11 Grain yield per plant (g) 82.33±5.50 31.67 176.67 37.21 38.97 91.18 73.19 R. T. Maruthi and K. Jhansi Rani / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 7 (1) : 149 – 154 (2015) 152  5) suggested that there was considerable amount of diversity in the experimental material used in investigation. The genotypes exhibited random pattern of distribution into various clusters showing that genetic diversity and geographical diversity are not related. This suggests that forces other than geographic origin such as genetic drift, natural and artificial selection, exchange of  genetic material might have played an important role in the diversity of genotypes. Similar conclusions were also drawn by Teixeira et al., (2002) while estimating diversity from the maize genotypes of north eastern region of Brazil. Statistical distance represents the induction of genetic diversity among clusters. The inter cluster distance was minimum between cluster I and II indicating close relationship and similarity for most of the characters of the genotypes (Table 6). The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and V indicating wider genetic diversity among genotypes in these groups. Selection of parents from these diverse clusters for hybridization programme would help in achieving novel recombinants. Similar results were obtained by Azad et al., (2012) while studying genetic diversity in maize, thirty inbreds were grouped into six distinct clusters. Highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster I and cluster IV and the lowest between the cluster II and III. Cluster V displayed least intra cluster distance denoting the similarity of genotypes (Table 5). While maximum intra cluster distance was recorded in cluster II and this might be due to limited gene exchange or selection practices among the genotypes for diverse characters. Emphasis should be laid on characters contributing maximum D2values for choosing the cluster for the purpose of further selection and choice of parents for hybridization. Highest contribution towards divergence in this regard was put forth by grain yield per plant followed by plant height, number of kernels per row and 100 grain weight (Table7). Similarly higher  contribution by traits like plant height, number of  kernels per row, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant to the total divergence was reported by Azad et al., (2012). The above results imply that in order to select genetically diverse genotypes for hybridization, the material should be screened for the important traits like grain yield per plant, plant height, number of  kernels per row and 100 grain weight. Conclusion Genetic diversity was studied to find out the more  diverse inbred lines in maize which might be used in Table 4.  Grouping of forty three maize genotypes based on D2 analysis. Cluster No. of genotypes Genotypes I 18 CM 104, CM 105, CM 114, CM 115, CM 118, CM 119, CM 120, CM 121, CM 130, CM 131, CM 132, CM 133, CM 149, CM 201, CM 202, CM 206,3001 and 3010. II 7 CM 208, CM 208, CM 210, CM 211, BML-6, 3003 and 3030. III 3 BML-7, 3008 and 3035. IV 12 3002, 3004, 3005, 3009, 3012, 3014, 3016, 3017, 3022, 3023, 3025 and 3026. V 2 BH-40625 and BH-1576. VI 1 BH-2187. Table 5. Average intra (bold) and inter-cluster D2and D values for six clusters in forty three genotypes of maize.  Cluster I II III IV V VI I 246.95 (15.72) 294.66 (17.17) 570.39 (23.89) 340.81 (18.46) 1550.70 (39.38) 480.84 (21.93) II   306.70 (17.51) 398.97 (19.98) 295.49 (17.19) 1203.68 (34.70) 431.09 (20.76) III     135.82 (11.66) 313.77 (17.71) 453.76 (21.30) 319.68 (17.88) IV       291.67 (17.08) 1048.89 (32.39) 426.18 (20.65) V         95.00 (9.75) 953.03 (31.87) VI           0.00 (0.00)  Figures in parenthesis are D values R. T. Maruthi and K. Jhansi Rani / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 7 (1) : 149 – 154 (2015) 153  hybridization programme. There was significant difference between genotypes for all the characters studied. The genetic advance as percent of mean was high for majority of yield contributing traits indicating predominance of additive gene action and selection will be effective for the improvement of these traits. D2 analysis partitioned the forty three genotypes in to six clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster I and cluster V. The crosses involving parents/inbred lines from most divergent clusters are expected to manifest maximum heterosis and generate wide variability in genetic architecture.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Head, Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, ANGRAU, for providing the facilities to carry out research and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for providing financial assistance as Junior Research Fellowship. REFERENCES Abdurakhmonov, I. and Abdukarimov, A. (2008). Application of association mapping to understanding the genetic diversity of plant germplasm resources. International Journal of Plant Genomics, 2008: 1-18. Azad, M.A.K., Biswas, B.K., Alam, N. and Alam, Sk. S. (2012). Genetic diversity in maize (zea mays l.) inbred lines. The Agriculturists, 10(1): 64-70. Bekele1, A. and Rao, T.N. (2014). Estimates of heritability, genetic advance and correlation study for yield and it’s attributes in maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Plant  Sciences, 2(1): 1-4. Burton, G.W. and Devane, E.H. (1953). Estimating heritability in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) from replicated clonal material. Agronomy Journal, 45: 478-481. Choudhary, A.K. and Chaudary, L.E. (2002). Genetic studies in some crosses of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Research Birsa Agricultural University, 14: 87-90. Grzesiak, S. (2001). Genotypic variation between maize (Zea mays L.) single-cross hybrids in response to drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarium, 23(4): 443-456. Hanson, G.H., Robinson, H.F. and Comstock, R.E. (1956). Biometrical studies on yield in segregating population of Korean lespedesa. Agronomy Journal, 48: 268-272. Krishnam Raju, K. (2001). Variability studies for protein content and grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. M.Sc. Thesis, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Kumar, G.P., Reddy, V.N., Kumar, S.S. and Rao, P.V. (2014). Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance studies in newly developed maize genotypes (Zea mays Table 6. The nearest and farthest clusters from each cluster based on D2 values in maize genotypes.  Cluster Nearest cluster with D values Farthest cluster with D2 value I II (17.17) V (39.38) II I (17.17) V (34.7) III IV (17.71) I (23.89) IV II (17.19) V (32.39) V III (21.30) I (39.38) VI III (17.88) V (31.87) Table 7.  Per cent contribution of characters towards diversity in maize genotypes. S. N. Character Times ranked 1st Per cent contribution 1. Days to 50 percent  tasseling 0.33 0.33 2. Days to 50 percent  silking 0 0 3. Days to maturity 0 0 4. Plant height (cm) 129 14.29 5. Ear height (cm) 81 8.97 6. Ear length (cm) 41 4.54 7. Ear girth (cm) 27 2.99 8. Number of kernel rows per ear 50 5.54 9. Number of kernels per row 109 12.07 10. 100 grain weight (g) 116 12.85 11. Grain yield per plant (g) 347 38.43   Total 903 100 R. T. Maruthi and K. Jhansi Rani / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 7 (1) : 149 – 154 (2015) 154  L.). International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience,  2 (1): 272-275. Li, C. M. and Yang, K.C. (1985). Studies on inheritance of quantitative characters for plant type in some inbred lines of maize. Scientia Agriculture Sinica, 19: 28-36.                       Nzuve, F., Githiri, S., Mukunya, D. M. and Gethi, J. (2014). Genetic variability and correlation studies of grain yield and related agronomic traits in maize. Journal of  Agricultural Science, 6(9): 166-176. Rao, C.R. (1952). “Advanced statistical methods in biometrical Research”. John Wiley and sons, New York. pp 357 -369. Reif J.C., Hallauer, A.R. and Melchinger, A.E. (2005).  Heterosis and heterotic patterns in maize. Maydica, 50: 215-223. Sofi, P. and Rather, A.G. (2007). Studies on genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in maize (Zea mays L.). University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar. Teixeira, F.F., Andiade R.V.–De., Olivera A.C. de., Ferrira A-da-S., Santos-MS-dos. and dos-Santox-M. X. (2002). Maize germplasm diversity from north eastern region of brazil. Rovista brasilisa-de-Milho-e-Sorgol, 5: 59-67. Zahid Mahmood., Malik, S.R., Raheel Akhtar. and Tariq Rafique. (2004). Heritability and genetic advance  estimates from maize genotypes in Shishi Lusht a valley of Krakurm. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6: 790-791.  R. T. Maruthi and K. Jhansi Rani / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 7 (1) : 149 – 154 (2015) 

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Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance estimates in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines

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