In most soils, soil and fertilizer Phosphorus (P) are easily bound by either soil organic matter or chemicals and thus are unavailable to plants unless hydrolyzed to release inorganic phosphate. Therefore, the development of P-efficient rice varieties that can grow and yield better with low P supply is a key to improve crop production. P efficient plants play a major role in increasing crop yields due to shortage of inorganic P fertilizer resources, limited land and water resources and increasing environmental concerns. Based on the P uptake efficiency, four rice genotypes viz.,TNRH 180, CB08504, CB06732 and ADT 47 were selected from the field experiment and used in pot culture experiment with three levels of P using radio isotope technique to quantify the P acquisition efficiency (PAE) and P use efficiency (PUE) and also to determine the native P supplying power of the soils using 32P in low P soils. Growth and yield parameters, grain and straw yield and major nutrients uptake of rice genotypes were increased with enhanced level of phosphorus application. Among the four genotypes, TNRH 180 recorded the highest grain yield and uptake. Increasing the P application rate from 25 to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the %Pdff in grain and straw for all the genotypes. The mean per cent phosphorus utilization (PPU) ranged between 18.74 and 23.72. The PPU of the genotypes followed the order TNRH 180 (23.72 %) &gt; CB08504 (23.36 %) &gt; CB06732 (20.54%) &gt; ADT 47 (18.74%). The PPU values were higher at lower level of P application (25 kg P2O5 ha-1) for the genotypes TNRH 180, CB08504 and CB06732. From this study showed that rice genotypes have the ability to utilize the both available and unavailable form of phosphorus by secreting some organic acids in the root portion to solubilize. Hence rice genotypes indicated above have the ability to increase phosphorus utilization efficiency

Malarvizhi, P.

Sanjivkumar, V.

 In most soils, soil and fertilizer Phosphorus (P) are easily bound by either soil organic matter or chemicals and thus are unavailable to plants unless hydrolyzed to release inorganic phosphate. Therefore, the development of P-efficient rice varieties that can grow and yield better with low P supply is a key to improve crop production. P efficient plants play a major role in increasing crop yields due to shortage of inorganic P fertilizer resources, limited land and water resources and increasing environmental concerns. Based on the P uptake efficiency, four rice genotypes viz.,TNRH 180, CB08504, CB06732 and ADT 47 were selected from the field experiment and used in pot culture experiment with three levels of P using radio isotope technique to quantify the P acquisition efficiency (PAE) and P use efficiency (PUE) and also to determine the native P supplying power of the soils using 32P in low P soils. Growth and yield parameters, grain and straw yield and major nutrients uptake of rice genotypes were increased with enhanced level of phosphorus application. Among the four genotypes, TNRH 180 recorded the highest grain yield and uptake. Increasing the P application rate from 25 to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the %Pdff in grain and straw for all the genotypes. The mean per cent phosphorus utilization (PPU) ranged between 18.74 and 23.72. The PPU of the genotypes followed the order TNRH 180 (23.72 %) &gt; CB08504 (23.36 %) &gt; CB06732 (20.54%) &gt; ADT 47 (18.74%). The PPU values were higher at lower level of P application (25 kg P2O5 ha-1) for the genotypes TNRH 180, CB08504 and CB06732. From this study showed that rice genotypes have the ability to utilize the both available and unavailable form of phosphorus by secreting some organic acids in the root portion to solubilize. Hence rice genotypes indicated above have the ability to increase phosphorus utilization efficiency.</jats:p

V. Sanjivkumar

P. Malarvizhi

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Journal of Applied and Natural Science

Differential response of phosphorus utilization efficiency in rice by tracer technique using phosphorus-32 under phosphorus stress environment

  2008APPLIED    ANDNATURAL SCIENCEFOUNDATIONANSFJANS Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6 (2): 362-365 (2014) Differential response of phosphorus utilization efficiency in rice by tracer technique using phosphorus-32 under phosphorus stress environment  V. Sanjivkumar* and P. Malarvizhi Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003 (Tamil Nadu), INDIA *Corresponding author. E-mail: sanjivkumarv@rediffmail.com Received: April 04, 2014; Revised received: April 27, 2014; Accepted: September 20, 2014 Abstract: In most soils, soil and fertilizer Phosphorus (P) are easily bound by either soil organic matter or chemicals and thus are unavailable to plants unless hydrolyzed to release inorganic phosphate. Therefore, the development of P-efficient rice varieties that can grow and yield better with low P supply is a key to improve crop production. P effi-cient plants play a major role in increasing crop yields due to shortage of inorganic P fertilizer resources, limited land and water resources and increasing environmental concerns. Based on the P uptake efficiency, four rice genotypes viz.,TNRH 180, CB08504, CB06732 and ADT 47 were selected from the field experiment and used in pot culture experiment with three levels of P using radio isotope technique to quantify the P acquisition efficiency (PAE) and P use efficiency (PUE) and also to determine the native P supplying power of the soils using 32P in low P soils.  Growth and yield parameters, grain and straw yield and major nutrients uptake of rice genotypes were increased with enhanced level of phosphorus application. Among the four genotypes, TNRH 180 recorded the highest grain yield  and uptake. Increasing the P application rate from 25 to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the %Pdff  in grain and straw for all the genotypes. The mean per cent phosphorus utilization (PPU) ranged between 18.74 and 23.72. The PPU of the genotypes followed the order TNRH 180 (23.72 %) > CB08504 (23.36 %) > CB06732 (20.54%) > ADT 47 (18.74%). The PPU values were higher at lower level of P application (25 kg P2O5 ha-1) for the genotypes TNRH 180, CB08504 and  CB06732. From this study showed that rice genotypes have the ability to utilize the both avail-able and unavailable form of phosphorus by secreting some organic acids in the root portion to solubilize. Hence rice genotypes indicated above have the ability to increase phosphorus utilization efficiency.  Keywords: Pdff, Pdfs, Phosphorus-32 (32P), P utilization, Rice, Yield ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online)  All Rights Reserved © Applied and Natural Science Foundation  www.ansfoundation.org INTRODUCTION Rice is the most important staple food for more than half of the world population, including region of the high population density and rapid growth. It provides about 21% of the total calorie intake of the world population.  Rice production is concentrated in Asia, where more than 90 % of the world supply is  produced. China and India are the leading producers as well as consumers of rice. The recent scenario (Motsara, 2002) revealed that in India the soils of 42% of the districts are in low P category 38% in the  medium category and 20% districts are  in high P  category. Phosphorus deficiency has been identified as one of the major limiting factors for rice production mostly in highly weathered soils such as oxisols and ultisols. High phosphorus fertilization is necessary to obtain good yield on these soils (Kaushik et al., 2004). However, farmers are facing difficulties due to  increasing costs of fertilizers, especially in developing countries. Plants that are efficient in absorption and utilization of the absorbed nutrients greatly enhance the efficiency of applied fertilizers (Tiwari, 2002). A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular and physiological basis of mineral nutrient uptake and utilization in plants is leading to strategies for  development of better nutrient-efficient cultivars suited for optimal production with less fertilizer inputs.  Adaptation of such cultivars with higher nutrient use efficiency is relatively easy, since no additional costs are involved and no major changes in cropping  systems are necessary (Aziz et al., 2006). Therefore, the development of P-efficient crop varieties that can grow and yield better with low P supply is a key to improving crop production. Phosphorus-32 (32P) is used in agriculture for tracking a plant's uptake of  fertilizer from the roots to the leaves. Exploitation of genetic variation in plants in nutrient efficiency has been increasingly explored and emerging as a variable alternative approach to crop production in low nutrient environment (Basak and Dravid, 1992). With this view, an attempt has been made to exploit the rice genotypes for P acquisition (PAE) and use efficiency(PUE) and to quantify the PAE  and  PUE using 32P in low P soils. 363  MATERIALS AND METHODS A pot culture experiment was conducted at Radio  Isotope (Tracer) Laboratory, Department of Soil  Science and Agricultural Chemistry, TNAU,  Coimbatore. The pot culture experiment was laid out in the Completly Randomized Blocks Design (CRBD) with three phosphorus levels (P0-0 kg P2O5, P1-25 kg P2O5 and P2-50 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four rice genotypes (TNRH 180, CB08504, CB06732 and ADT 47) with three replications along with the recommended dose of nitrogen and potassium.  Nitrogen was applied as four equal splits viz., basal, active tillering, panicle  initiation and flowering, full dose of phosphorus and potassium applied as basal application.  Radioactive 32P material was obtained as carrier free  orthophosphoric acid in dilute hydrochloric acid  medium from the Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT), Mumbai and used for the study.  The physical half life (T1/2) of 32P is 14.3 days.  It  decays into 32S by emitting negatrons (β-) of E max 1.71 MeV. Phosphorus 32 as labelled single super  phosphate (SSP) was applied as basal to each pot.  Labelled SSP was prepared by mixing together with constant stirring of calculated quantities of rock  phosphate, 32P stock solution and concentrated H2SO4. The material was cured under heating infrared lamp to dryness and then ground to a fine powder with a pestle and mortar.  These radioactive fertilizers were applied to the pots by taking all precautions stipulated for  handling the isotopic materials. Pots were irrigated and kept under submerged condition and 22 days old  seedlings raised in nursery bed were transplanted @ 2-3 seedlings per pot. Plant samples were collected at harvest stage. The collected samples were dried in a hot air oven at 65 oC and the dry weight was recorded. The oven dried plant materials were chopped and grounded in a Willey mill and stored in wide-mouthed stoppard bottles. After suitable sub sampling, the sam-ples were analyzed for total phosphorus by  Vanadomolybdate yellow colour method (Piper, 1966). The radioactivity in the plant digest was determined as suggested by (McKenzie and Dean, 1948) using an end-window Geiger Muller counter (Type Para Nuclear Counter PNC 1a).   Radio assay data were converted into different  parameters by using following formulae.                     Corrected count rate per second Bq= dps =      × 100 Efficiency  The efficiency of the Geiger muller counter used for 32P counting was 7 per cent.       Disintegration rate in sample (dps) Specific activity =  (dps mg of P-1)           P content in sample (mg)         Specific activity of plant sample % Pdff    =                         × 100       Specific activity of fertilizer standard  % Pdfs   =  100 - % Pdff (Pdff = phosphorus in the plant derived from applied fertilizer); (Pdfs = phosphorus in the plant sample de-rived from soil) Uptake from applied source (mg P pot-1) =  (% Pdff /  100) x  Total P uptake (mg P pot-1) % P utilization   =  {Uptake from applied fertilizer (mg P pot-1) / P applied through fertilizer (mg P pot-1) ×100 The initial soil sample collected from the experimental site before the commencement of experiment was ana-lyzed for the various physico-chemical properties. The soil was clay in texture.  The cation exchange capacity of the soil was 17.0 c mol (P+) kg-1 and the organic carbon content was 0.40 %. The soil pH was alkaline (8.29) and non-saline EC (0.30 dSm-1). The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the soil was low, low and medium fertility status (176.2, 5.62 and 330 kg ha-1, respectively).  RESULTS AND DICUSSION In present study it was observed that grain yield in rice genotypes revealed distinct differences between the genotypes. Among the rice genotypes, grain yield showed a gradual increase when applied with higher level of phosphorus (19.1 to 23.5 g pot-1). The mean value of grain yield was higher in TNRH-180 and CB06732 (22.3 g pot-1) and lowest value was recorded in CB08504 (18.7 g pot-1) (Fig 1 and 2 ). The  interaction effect of rice genotypes at phosphorus  levels was not significant. Gradual increase in grain yield in rice genotypes when applied with higher level of phosphorus might be due to application of organic source along with inorganic nutrients. Higher grain yield with N, P and K application may be attributed to more number of filled grains panicle-1, higher panicle weight and 1000 grain weight. Bali et al. (2006)  reported that application of 16.5 kg P ha-1 increased grain yields of rainfed lowland rice to about 2.5-3.0 t ha-1 on a sandy soil. The current results corroborates with the findings of Shen et al. (2011) who observed that unique characteristic of P is its low availability due to slow diffusion and high fixation in soils causing it a major limiting factor for plant growth.  In present study it was observed that the straw yield revealed distinct differences between the genotypes and there was a gradual increase for increased level of phosphorus application.  The mean value of straw yield was higher in CB06732 (30.1 g pot-1) and the lowest value was recorded in CB08504 (26.5 g pot-1).  The interaction effect of different genotypes at  phosphorus levels was significant and among the rice genotypes, CB06732 recorded the highest straw yield (34.0 g pot-1) followed by ADT 47 (33.1 g pot-1) at higher dose of P (50 kg P2O5 ha-1) and the lowest value was registered in CB08504 (22.9 g pot-1) when  phosphorus was not applied. The increase in grain and straw yield might be due to over all improvement in plant growth as it plays an important role in plant  metabolism and resulting in better yield. Yadav et al. V. Sanjivkumar and P. Malarvizhi / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 362-365 (2014) 364  (2002) emanated that application of 100 percent P with N and K increased the dry matter production at all the growth stages and further due to increased plant height, tiller number and improved vegetative growth.   Genotypes exerted a significant effect on %Pdff  in grain. Among the genotypes, CB06732 recorded  significantly higher %Pdff at both the levels of P  application. Increasing the P application rate from 25 to 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased the %Pdff  for all the genotypes. Interaction effect was also found to be  significant. The highest %Pdff was recorded for the genotype TNRH 180 (14.85 % and 13.93%,  respectively in grain and straw).  Increasing the levels of P increased the %Pdff for all the genotypes except for CB08504 (Table 1).  Genotypes and levels of P (25 and 50 kg P2O5 ha-1) showed significant influence on % Pdfs in grain and straw. Among the genotypes CO 06732 recorded  highest per cent of %Pdfs in grain. The mean %Pdfs ranged from 85.15 % (TNRH 180) to 90.49 % (CB06732)  in grain and 86.08 %  (TNRH 180)  to 88.95%  (ADT 47) for straw. In the case of grain the % Pdfs   was  89.64%  at 25 kg P2O5 ha-1   and 83.36 %  at 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 respectively (Table 1). Higher level of P application recorded higher P uptake from fertilizer both in grain and straw. Among the genotype CB08504 recorded significantly higher mean P uptake (8.11 mg pot-1) from fertilizer in grain than other genotypes where as the P uptake from fertilizer in straw was higher for CB06732 (9.03 mg pot-1).  Interaction between genotypes and P levels was found to be significant.  At lower level of P (25 kg P2O5 ha-1) application the P uptake from fertilizer was highest for the rice genotype CB08504 (6.56 mg pot-1) while at higher level of P (50 kg P2O5 ha-1) application ADT 47 recorded higher P uptake from fertilizer (10.95 mg  pot-1) (Table 2). In the present study it was observed that PPU of the genotypes followed the order TNRH 180 (23.72 %) > CB08504 (23.36 %) > CB06732 (20.54%) > ADT 47 (18.74%). The PPU values were higher at lower level of P application (25 kg P2O5 ha-1) for the genotypes TNHR 180, CB08504, CB06732 (Table 2). The ability of the genotypes to absorb P from the native and  applied source varied and it is not the same for all the genotypes. The increase in %Pdff and the  amount of P taken up from the fertilizer source with increased  levels of P application might be due to increased  availability of P in soil as assessed by conventional methods and precise estimation by 32 P studies leading to higher dry matter production. Basak and David, (1990) and Sudhir, (1996) studied that utilization of applied P by rice cultivars at tillering, flowering and harvest stage. At all the three stages he found the total P uptake and Pdff increased but PPU decreased with increased P levels (up to 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Phosphorus Table 1.  Percent P derived from fertilizer (%Pdff), the % P derived from soil (%Pdfs) in post harvest soil sample of the rice genotypes as influenced by different P levels. Genotypes Pdff % grain Pdff % straw Pdfs % grain Pdfs % straw 25 kg P 50 kg P Mean 25 kg P 50 kg P Mean 25 kg P 50 kg P Mean 25 kg P 50 kg P Mean TNRH-180 12.74 16.96 14.85 13.83 14.02 13.93 87.26 83.04 85.15 86.17 85.98 86.08 CB08504 16.79 17.05 16.92 13.14 12.22 12.68 83.31 82.95 83.13 87.78 86.86 87.32 CB06732 5.01 14.02 9.52 10.99 15.57 13.28 94.99 85.98 90.49 89.01 84.43 86.72 ADT-47 7.01 18.55 12.78 8.76 13.35 11.06 92.99 81.45 87.22 91.24 86.65 88.95 Mean 10.39 16.65 13.52 11.68 13.79 12.74 89.64 83.36 86.49 88.55 85.98 87.27   SED CD(0.01)   SED CD(0.01)   SED CD(0.01)   SED CD(0.01)   P 0.147 0.311   0.127 0.270   0.890 1.887   0.906 1.920   G 0.208 0.440   0.180 0.382   1.259 2.668   NS NS   P*G 0.294 0.623   0.255 0.540   NS NS   1.812 3.840   Table 2.  P uptake from fertilizer and the percent P utilization in post harvest soil sample of the rice genotypes as influenced by different P levels. Genotypes P uptake from fertilizer (mg/pot) % P utilisation Grain Straw 25 kg P 50 kg P Mean 25 kg P 50 kg P Mean 25 kg P 50 kg P Mean TNRH-180 6.11 8.55 7.33 8.15 8.92 8.54 29.42 18.01 23.72 CB08504 6.56 9.67 8.11 7.10 8.32 7.71 28.17 18.55 23.36 CB06732 3.21 6.81 5.01 8.52 9.53 9.03 24.21 16.86 20.54 ADT-47 3.10 10.95 7.03 4.95 9.28 7.12 16.61 20.87 18.74 Mean 4.75 9.00 6.87 7.18 9.01 8.1 24.60 18.57 21.59   SED CD(0.01)   SED CD(0.01)   SED CD(0.01)   P 0.076 0.161   0.085 0.180   0.227 0.481   G 0.107 0.227   0.120 0.254   0.321 0.681   P*G 0.151 0.321   0.169 0.359   0.454 0.963   V. Sanjivkumar and P. Malarvizhi / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 362-365 (2014) 365  uptake from soil was found to be more at lower doses of P application. In present study, the reduction in PPU at 50 kg ha-1 might be attributed to the higher release of native phosphorus in soil. The depression of PPU of ADT 47 may possibly be ascribed to the rhizopshere effect which appears to have solubilizing effect on native Fe, Al and Ca phosphate and increasing the availability of native phosphorus. Richardson et al. (2011) reported that some plant species/genotypes alter the architecture of their root systems under P stress conditions to optimize P acquisition, therefore PPU were increased. Conclusion The result of the present study revealed that among the genotypes, CB06732 recorded significantly higher %Pdff and % Pdfs at both the levels of P application. Increasing the P application rate from 25 to 50 kg P2O5 increased the % Pdff for all the genotypes. The  genotype CB08504 recorded significantly higher mean P uptake (8.11 mg pot-1) in grain than other genotypes where as the P uptake from fertilizer in straw was higher for CB06732. The PPU of the genotypes  followed the order TNRH 180 (23.72 %) > CB08504 (23.36 %) > CB06732 (20.54%)  > ADT 47 (18.74%). Genomic approaches involving identification of  expressed sequence tags (ESTs) found that under low-P stress and applied P may also yield target sites for plant improvement. Thus, from this scientific approach, farmers community can cultivate these rice genotypes under phosphorus stress condition and save P  fertilizers and avoid to making fertilizers pollution to the soil ecosystem and maintain the soil fertility status. REFERENCES Aziz, T., Rahmatullah, M.A., Maqsood, M.A., Tahir, I. Ahmad and Cheema, M. A. (2006). Phosphorus  utilization by six Brassica cultivars (Brassica juncea L.) from tri-calcium phosphate; a relatively insoluble P compound. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 38: 1529–1538. Bali, A. S., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Kachroo, D. and Sharma, B.C. (2006). Effect of nutrient management on yield and nutrient response of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L). Journal of Research, 5(1): 78-83.    Basak, R. K. and Dravid, G. K. (1992). Residual effect of rock phosphate and basic slag on the yield of rice.  Environmental Biology, 8(2): 750-751. Kaushik, B. D., Mishra, B. N., Gautam, R. C. and Rana, A. K. (2004). P-Nutrition in rice wheat cropping system with microbial consortia. Annals of Agricultural Research. New Series, 25:  179-186. McKenzie, A. J. and Dean, L.A. (1948). Procedure for  measurement of 31P, 32P in plant materials. Anaytical Chemistry, 20:559-560. Motsara, M. R. (2002). Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status of Indian soils as depicyed by soil  fertility maps.  Ferilizer News, 47(8): 15-21. Piper, C. S. (1966). Soil and Plant Analysis. Hans publisher, Bombay. Richardson, A. E., Lynch, J. P., Ryan, P. R., Delhaize E., Smith, F. A., Smith, S.E., Harvey P. R., Ryan M. H., Veneklaas E. J., Lambers, H., Oberson, A., Culvenor R. A. and Simpson, R. J. (2011). Plant and microbial  strategies to improve the phosphorus efficiency of  agriculture. Plant and Soil, 349: 121–156. Shen, J., Yuan, L., Zhang, J., Li, H., Bai, Z., Chen, X., Zhang, W. and Zhang, F. (2011). Phosphorus dynamics: From soil to plant. Plant Physiology, 156: 997-1005. Sudhir (1996). Interaction effect of phosphorus and sulphur on uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and sulphur by pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Indian Journal of  Agronomy, 45(2): 348-352. Tiwari, K. N. (2002). Phosphorus. In: Fundamentals of Soil Science. Indian Society of  Soil Science, Cambridge Printing Works, New Delhi. pp: 353-368. Yadav, S. K., Krick, G. J. D. and Santos, M. B. (2002).  Proc. International. Conf. Managing Natural Resources for Sustainable Agriculture Production in the 21st Cen-tury. New Delhi, 3, 871.  Fig. 1. Grain yield (g pot-1) of the rice genotypes as influenced by different P levels  Fig. 2. Straw yield (g pot-1) of the rice genotypes as influenced by different P levels V. Sanjivkumar and P Malarvizhi / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 362-365 (2014) 

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Differential response of phosphorus utilization efficiency in rice by tracer technique using phosphorus-32 under phosphorus stress environment

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