An experimental trial was conducted on groundnut during kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010. The experimental soil was loamy sand in texture. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications, assigning 32 treatments consisting of four date of sowing (20th April, 15th May, 9th June and 4th July) and two varieties (HNG-10 and TG-37A) as main-plot treatments and four fertility levels of nitrogen and phosphorus application (0, 20 N-40 P2O5, 30-60 P2O5 and 40 N-80 P2O5 kg/ha) as sub-plot treatments. The results showed that significantly higher plant stand was observed in 9th June and 4th July sowing date of the groundnut at harvest. 20th April sowing had significantly higher dry matter accumulation, CGR of 30-60 and 60-90 DAS of HNG-10 variety. Further delays in sowing significantly reduce growth parameters. However, growth parameters viz. dry matter accumulation, CGR, RGR etc. in all the sowing dates in TG-37A was statistically at par with each other. All the fertility treatments produced significantly higher dry matter, CGR, RGR etc. Application of 30 kg N-60 kg P2O5 / ha significantly enhanced the dry matter accumulation over 20 kgN-40kg P2O5/ha but statistically at par with 40 kg N- 80 kg P2O5/ ha

Meena, R. S.

Yadav, R. S.

Journal of Applied and Natural Science

  2008APPLIED    ANDNATURAL SCIENCEFOUNDATIONANSFJANS Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6 (2): 344-348 (2014) Phenological performance of groundnut varieties under sowing environments in hyper arid zone of Rajasthan, India *R. S. Meena and R. S. Yadav1  Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005 (U. P.), INDIA    1Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner,  -334 006 (Rajasthan), INDIA  *Corresponding author. E-mail: rsmeenaagro@gmail.com  Received: June 03, 2014; Revised received: August 10, 2014 ; Accepted: September 17, 2014 Abstract: An experimental trail was conducted on groundnut during kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010. The  experimental soil was loamy sand in texture. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications, assigning 32 treatments consisting of four date of sowing (20th April, 15th May, 9th June and 4th July) and two  varieties (HNG-10 and TG-37A) as main-plot treatments and four fertility levels of nitrogen and phosphorus  application (0, 20 N-40 P2O5, 30-60 P2O5 and 40 N-80 P2O5 kg/ha) as sub-plot treatments. The results showed that significantly higher plant stand was observed in 9th June and 4th July sowing date of the groundnut at harvest. 20th April sowing had significantly higher dry matter accumulation, CGR of 30-60 and 60-90 DAS of HNG-10 variety.  Further delays in sowing significantly reduce growth parameters. However, growth parameters viz. dry matter  accumulation, CGR, RGR etc. in all the sowing dates in TG-37A was statistically at par with each other. All the  fertility treatments produced significantly higher dry matter, CGR, RGR etc. Application of 30 kg N-60 kg P2O5 / ha significantly enhanced the dry matter accumulation over 20 kgN-40 kg P2O5 /ha but statistically at par with 40 kg N-80 kg P2O5/ ha. Keywords:   Date of sowing, Dry matter, Fertility levels, Varieties INTRODUCTION In dry land agriculture, farmers have limited choice for sowing time, but in irrigated situation sowing time is one of the most important non- monetary inputs affecting yield of crops. Time of groundnut is well documented in other regions (Sardana and Kandhol, 2007). In  Bikaner region, all the cultivation of groundnut is  under irrigated conditions. Groundnut cultivation in  Bikaner region was started two decades ago in the command area of Indra Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP) and later on it spread to tube well irrigated area of the region. At that time, dust storms were common in the region with minimum vegetation during  optimum sowing time of May and June months leading to poor crop establishment due to which the farmers started sowing of groundnut in early summer in the months of April and May for better crop establishment with its harvesting in October-November. This practice is still followed, despite reduction in frequency of dust storms in the region. With increase in the irrigated area the practice of early sowing of groundnut in the area despite reduction in the frequency of hot winds is fast depleting the water table in the majority of the blocks (SGWB, 2011) and has considerably reduced WUE (Water use efficiency) of canal command area.  ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online)  All Rights Reserved © Applied and Natural Science Foundation  www.ansfoundation.org Suitable sowing time of groundnut varieties of short and long duration maturity would prove a better  strategy of improving WUE and the crop growth. Several workers (Kabadagi and Setty, 2010and Bala et al., 2011) recommended a starter dose of nitrogen until the crop starts nitrogen fixation at about 30 days stage. In the arid region of Rajasthan some workers (Hossain et al., 2007; Pareek and Poonia, 2011) reported 60 kg N /ha along with equal level of phosphorus as the  appropriate fertilizer level while others recommended 20 kg N and 32 kg P2O5 /ha for groundnut to better crop growth.With these considerations an experiment was conducted on groundnut. MATERIALS AND METHODS The field experiment was carried out after survey of Bikaner division of groundnut grower and concluded that 60 per cent farmers sowing groundnut every years in the month of April and irrigated with life saving irrigations up to 33 in IGNP area (DOR, 2009).  Experimental trail was conducted during kharif season of 2009 and 2010 at Agronomy Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Bikaner (Rajasthan) under hyper arid condition, which is situated at a 28º 01’N latitude and 73 º 22’ E longitudes at an altitude of 234.70 meters above mean sea level (Arabian Sea). The soil of the 345  experimental site was loamy sand and   having 156.33 kg/ha alkaline permanganate oxidizable N (Subbiah and Asija, 1956), 16.05 kg/ha available P (Olsen et al., 1954), 221.0 kg/ha 1 N ammonium acetate exchangeable K (Stanford and English, 1949) and 0.80% organic carbon (Jackson, 1973). The pH of soil was 8.4 (1:2.5 soil and water ratio). Field capacity, permanent wilting point and bulk density recorded were 8.4.0% (w/w), 1.1.83% (w/w) and 1.66 Mg/m3, respectively in 0-30 cm soil depth. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications, assigning 32 treatments consisting of four date of sowing (20 April, 15 May, 9 June and 4 July) and two varieties (HNG 10 and TG 37A) as main plot treatments and four fertility levels of nitrogen and phosphorus application (0, 20 N: 40 P2O5, 30 N: 60 P2O5 and 40 N: 80 P2O5 kg /ha) as sub-plots. All the data obtained from groundnut for two consecutive years of trails were statistically analyzed using the  F-test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Critical difference (CD) values at P=0.05 were used for determine the significance of differences between mean values of treatments.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  Date of sowing: The results of the study showed that significantly higher crop stand at harvest was observed in 9th June and 4th July sowing than all other sowing dates. This may be due to harsh weather in terms of higher temperature, low relative humidity, low rainfall, higher evaporation and wind velocity in the month of May experienced by the early sown crop (April-May) which lead to poor crop establishment as evident from poor plant stand (Table 1) recorded under these sowing dates. The variety TG-37A recorded significantly higher plant stand at harvest than HNG-10 due primarily to its closer spacing followed in the experiment  compared with HNG-10 as evidenced from the difference in the initial plant stand of these varieties at 20.The results also showed that groundnut sown on 20th April recorded significantly higher periodic dry matter  production (Table 1)  with higher number of  nodules at  45 and 60 DAS which progressively decreased with delay in sowing upto the last date of 4th July. The higher dry matter recorded in early sowing could be mainly attributed to the similar crop growth and relative growth rates (Table 2) recorded upto the 90 days stage of the crop. The reversal of growth rates (Crop growth rate and Relative growth Rate) at higher rates recorded with delay in sowing during 90 to 120 days growth phase had narrowed down the reduction in the dry  matter production with delay in sowing at 120 days stage. The results of this investigation are in close  conformity with the findings of (Reddy et al., 2000; Gosh, 2005; Meena et al., 2014) reported higher values of growth parameters in early sown crop of groundnut with progressive reduction with each delaying in sowing.   Varieties: Results show that of tested varieties in the study, HNG-10 recorded significantly higher periodic dry matter production ranging from 16% at 30 days stage to 45% at 120 days stage than TG-37A primarily due to the differences in the genetic constitution and growth habit of these varieties as evidenced from the similar variation in CGR, RGR etc. of these varieties (DOR, 2005; Gochar, 2011). The variable behaviour of these varieties could be explained in genetic constitution and variation in growth habit of these varieties as  evidenced from the similar interaction effect recorded on days to maturity of these varieties. HNG-10 is semi-spreading variety which seems to have indeterminate growth habit as evident from the considerable. This variety sown early was exposed to longer duration for vegetative growth due to its indeterminate growth habit and thus recorded higher dry matter production under early sowing. On the other hand, the variety sown on later dates was exposed to shorter duration for vegetative growth and there for recorded less dry matter production at these dates. In contrast, the variety TG-37A is a Spanish bunch type and probably seems to be a variety of short duration maturity and determinate growth habit as evidenced from its almost stable period of maturity under all sowing dates. Thus the variation in growth parameters of the two varieties with variation in sowing dates resulted due to interaction between genetic constitution of the varieties and  growth factors like manures, fertilizers, moisture availability vis-a-vis environmental factor like temperature, day length, relative humidity, rainfall, wind velocity  and biotic and abiotic factors which have a considerable bearing on important plant functions such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, nutrient and water absorption etc. (Sardana et al., 2008; Meena et al., 2013) Fertility levels: Data on growth parameters of the crop under the influence of fertility levels revealed that various growth parameters were affected by the fertility levels. Growth behaviour of a plant mainly depends on its genetic constitution and prevailing environmental  conditions. Growth factors like manures, fertilizers, moisture availability, biotic and a biotic stresses and other environmental factors have a considerable  bearing on important plant functions such as  photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, nutrient and water absorption etc. From the results of this  experiment presented in the preceding chapter, it may be noted that all the fertilizer treatments recorded higher dry matter CGR, RGR etc. Application of 30 kg N-60 kg P2O5 /ha significantly enhanced the dry matter accumulation over control and the lowest fertilizer level of 20 kg N-40 kg P2O5/ ha during both the years. Further increase in fertilizer level upto 40 kg N-80 kg P2O5/ ha did not improve there growth parameters  significantly over 30 kg N-60 kg P2O5/ha for all growth parameters. Application of nitrogen and  phosphorus significantly enhanced the plant growth as manifested by increased dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, initial relative growth rate at all the growth stages. Application of 30 kg N-60 kg P2O5 /ha R. S. Meena  / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 344-348 (2014) 346  Table 1. Effect of different growing environments, varieties and fertility levels on plant stand and dry matter accumulation of groundnut. NS- Non significant R. S. Meena  / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 344-348 (2014) Treatment Plant stand (Thousand/ha) Dry matter accumulation (g/plant) 20 DAS At harvest 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 120 DAS 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled Date of sowing                                     20th April 292.68 292.13 292.41 225.19 211.77 218.48 5.73 4.48 5.11 31.60 21.55 26.57 89.56 65.95 77.76 100.08 72.56 86.32 15th May 302.76 290.90 296.83 223.08 212.29 217.69 5.34 3.90 4.62 30.18 18.52 24.35 75.34 51.36 63.35 99.55 60.25 79.90 09th June 296.55 296.09 296.32 228.94 229.85 229.40 5.07 4.03 4.55 28.09 20.90 24.49 69.08 53.19 61.13 92.79 66.33 79.56 04th July 301.26 296.65 298.96 232.57 229.97 231.27 4.43 3.74 4.09 25.69 20.80 23.24 61.89 47.42 54.65 82.74 61.59 72.17 CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS 4.43 3.81 2.79 0.17 0.16 0.11 1.09 1.15 0.76 4.69 3.97 2.94 3.20 3.14 2.14 Varieties                                     HNG 10 274.57 269.06 271.82 208.01 201.87 204.94 5.72 4.14 4.93 34.88 26.01 30.45 81.56 61.45 71.50 111.57 76.51 94.04 TG37 A 322.05 318.83 320.44 246.88 240.07 243.48 4.57 3.94 4.25 22.90 14.88 18.89 66.37 47.51 56.94 76.01 53.85 64.93 CD (P=0.05) 6.03 3.73 3.39 3.14 2.69 1.97 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.77 0.82 0.54 3.32 2.81 2.08 2.26 2.22 1.52 Fertility levels                                     Control 299.40 294.17 296.78 226.60 221.35 223.98 4.87 3.91 4.39 26.11 18.41 22.26 69.19 49.74 59.46 85.53 59.85 72.69 20kgN-40 kg P 2O5 /ha 297.16 294.32 295.74 227.87 220.95 224.41 5.16 4.02 4.59 28.73 20.45 24.59 74.53 55.07 64.80 93.76 65.12 79.44 30kgN-60 kg P 2O5 /ha 297.19 293.79 295.49 228.20 221.06 224.63 5.26 4.10 4.68 30.36 21.43 25.89 75.94 56.57 66.26 97.72 67.70 82.71 40kgN-80 kg P 2O5 /ha 299.50 293.51 296.51 227.12 220.52 223.82 5.28 4.12 4.70 30.36 21.48 25.92 76.21 56.54 66.37 98.16 68.05 83.11 CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.98 0.66 0.58 2.86 2.51 1.88 2.98 2.40 1.89 347  Treatment Crop growth rate (g/plant/day) Relative growth rate (mg /g/ day) 30-60 DAS 60-90 DAS 90-120 DAS 30-60 DAS 60-90 DAS 90-120 DAS 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled 2009 2010 Pooled Date of sowing 20th April 0.86 0.57 0.72 1.93 1.48 1.71 0.35 0.46 0.41 56.01 51.09 53.55 35.15 37.85 36.50 3.63 3.18 3.40 15th May 0.83 0.49 0.66 1.51 1.09 1.30 0.81 0.54 0.67 57.00 50.22 53.61 31.18 35.30 33.24 8.67 5.11 6.89 09th June 0.77 0.56 0.66 1.37 1.08 1.22 0.79 0.68 0.74 56.12 53.18 54.65 30.79 32.56 31.68 9.19 6.93 8.06 04th July 0.71 0.57 0.64 1.21 0.89 1.05 0.70 0.71 0.70 58.43 56.16 57.29 29.29 28.31 28.80 9.79 8.67 9.23 CD (P=0.05) 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.14 0.13 0.09 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.97 2.23 1.16 2.00 2.86 1.66 1.79 1.66 1.17 Varieties HNG 10 0.97 0.73 0.85 1.56 1.18 1.37 1.00 1.01 1.01 60.25 61.38 60.82 27.59 28.20 27.89 11.16 7.64 9.40 TG37 A 0.61 0.36 0.49 1.45 1.09 1.27 0.32 0.19 0.25 53.53 43.94 48.74 35.62 38.81 37.21 4.48 4.31 4.39 CD (P=0.05) 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.68 1.57 0.82 1.41 2.02 1.18 1.26 1.18 0.82 Fertility levels Control 0.71 0.48 0.60 1.44 1.04 1.24 0.54 0.50 0.52 55.04 49.89 52.46 33.03 34.26 33.64 6.86 6.22 6.54 20kgN-40 kg P 2O5 /ha 0.79 0.55 0.67 1.53 1.15 1.34 0.64 0.60 0.62 56.53 53.01 54.77 32.21 33.61 32.91 7.38 5.66 6.52 30kgN-60 kg P 2O5 /ha 0.84 0.58 0.71 1.52 1.17 1.35 0.73 0.64 0.68 58.04 54.15 56.09 30.46 32.88 31.67 8.59 6.01 7.30 40kgN-80 kg P 2O5 /ha 0.84 0.58 0.71 1.53 1.17 1.35 0.73 0.65 0.69 57.96 53.60 55.78 30.71 33.27 31.99 8.46 6.00 7.23 CD (P=0.05) 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.48 1.17 0.62 0.57 1.38 0.74 0.44 0.71 0.41 Table 2. Effect of different growing environments, varieties and fertility levels on growth parameters of groundnut. R. S. Meena  / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 344-348 (2014) 348  brought about overall improvement in crop growth under the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus  application which could be attributed to better  environment for growth and development that might be due to increased availability of these nutrients to the crop plants. This could be supported by the fact that soil of experimental field was very poor in nitrogen and phosphorus. As evident from results, it can be clearly concluded that application of 30 kg N-60 kg P2O5 /ha as a basal dose was found adequate for initial pick up of growth, photosynthesis and dry matter  accumulation. The results of the present investigation are in agreement with the finding of several researchers (Barik et al., 1994; Ibrahim and Eleiwa, 2008) who also reported increase in the dry matter production, periodic CGR and initial RGR of crop due to basal application of nitrogen and phosphorus. Parasuraman et al. (1998) also reported that higher availability of plant nutrients leads to higher growth parameters in the fertilized treatments of groundnut.  Conclusion On the basis of present study it is recommended for groundnut grower of Bikaner division to grow semi-spreading variety of HNG-10 by planting it around 9th June and fertilizing dose recommended 30 kg N-60 kg P2O5 / ha for better growth and higher productivity of groundnut. REFERENCES Bala, H. M. B., Ogunlela, V. B., Kuchinda, N. C. and Tanimu, B. (2011). Response of two groundnut (Arachis  hypogaea) varieties to sowing date and NPK fertilizer rate in a sami-arid environment: yield and yield  attributes. Asian Journal of Crop Science, 3(3):130-134. Barik, A., Jana, P. K., Sounda, G. and Mukharjee, A.,K. (1994). Influence of ni trogen,  phosphorus and  potassium fertilization on growth, yield and oil content of kharif groundnut. Indian Agriculture, 38(12):105-111. DOR (2005).  Research highlight, Directorate of Research, RAU, Bikaner. pp 6. DOR (2009). Directorate of research, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan. Annual Report, pp. 66.   Gochar, R. (2011). Effect of cultivars and weed management on late sown groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in north western Rajasthan. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to SKRAU, Bikaner pp54. Gomez, K. A. and Gomaz, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore. Gosh, P.K. (2005). Optimization of date of sowing in new groundnut-wheat relay cropping system in semi-arid tropics of India. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 26(3):1044-1046. Hossain, M. A., Hamid, A. and Nasreen, S. (2007). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on N/P uptake and yield performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal  of Agricultural Research, 45(2):119-127. Ibrahim, S. S. and Eleiwa, E. (2008). Responce of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants to foliar feeding with some organic manure under different levels of NPK fertilizers. World Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(2):140-148. Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. Kabadagi, C. B. and Setty, R. A. (2010). Growth characters and yield of groundnut genotypes as influenced by levels of NPK and growth regulators. Research on Crops, 11(3):697-700.    Meena, R.S., Yadav, R. S. and Meena, V.S. (2014).  Response of groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) varieties to sowing dates and NP fertilizers under western dry zone of India. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 43(2): 169-173. Meena, R. S., Yadav, R. S. and Meena, V. (2013). Heat unit efficiency of groundnut varieties in scattered planting with various fertility levels. The Bioscan, 9(1): 1189-1192. Olsen, S. R. Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S. and Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circ. No. 939, Washington. Parasuraman, P., Budher, M.N., Manickasundaram, P. and Nandanam, M. (1998). Response of sorghum, finger millet and groundnut to the silt application and  combined use of organic matter and inorganic fertilizer under rainfed conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 43 (3):528-532. Pareek, N. K. and Poonia, B. L. (2011). Effect of FYM,  nitrogen and foliar spray of iron on productivity and economics of irrigated groundnut in an arid region of India. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57(5):523-531.  Reddy, V. C. Babu, B. T. R. and Yougendra, T. (2000). Growth and flowering behave of groundnut varieties in relation to sowing dates during Kharif season. Current Research, 29(9):163-165 Sardana, V. and Kandhola, S. S. (2007). Productivity of semi-spreading and bunch type varieties of groundnut as influenced by sowing dates. An Open Access Journal published by ICRISAT 5:1-3.  Sardana, V., Singh, S. and Sheoran, P. (2008). Influence of sowing dates on the productivity of semi-spreading and bunch type verities of groundnut. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 78(2):372-4. SGWB, State Ground Water Board (2011). State Groundwater Board office, Bikaner. Survey report, pp13-19.  Stanford, S. and English, L. (1949). Use of flame photometer in rapid soil tests for K and Ca. Agronomy Journal, 41: R. S. Meena  / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 344-348 (2014) 

Phenological performance of groundnut varieties under sowing environments in hyper arid zone of Rajasthan, India

An experimental trial was conducted on groundnut during kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010. The experimental soil was loamy sand in texture. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications, assigning 32 treatments consisting of four date of sowing (20th April, 15th May, 9th June and 4th July) and two varieties (HNG-10 and TG-37A) as main-plot treatments and four fertility levels of nitrogen and phosphorus application (0, 20 N-40 P2O5, 30-60 P2O5 and 40 N-80 P2O5 kg/ha) as sub-plot treatments. The results showed that significantly higher plant stand was observed in 9th June and 4th July sowing date of the groundnut at harvest. 20th April sowing had significantly higher dry matter accumulation, CGR of 30-60 and 60-90 DAS of HNG-10 variety. Further delays in sowing significantly reduce growth parameters. However, growth parameters viz. dry matter accumulation, CGR, RGR etc. in all the sowing dates in TG-37A was statistically at par with each other. All the fertility treatments produced significantly higher dry matter, CGR, RGR etc. Application of 30 kg N-60 kg P2O5 / ha significantly enhanced the dry matter accumulation over 20 kgN-40kg P2O5/ha but statistically at par with 40 kg N- 80 kg P2O5/ ha.</jats:p

R. S. Meena

R. S. Yadav

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Phenological performance of groundnut varieties under sowing environments in hyper arid zone of Rajasthan, India

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