The common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Schneider, 1799) Frost et al., 2006 from Aurangabad was found to harbor three species of nematodes; Oswaldocruzia goezei (Skrjabin and Schulz, 1952), Trichuris globusa (V. Linstow, 1901, Ransom, 1911), Oxysomatium macintoshii (Karve, 1927). Among all the parasites, Trichuris globulosa represents the accidental new host record for D. melanostictus in Maharashtra

Hiware, C. J.

Jamdar, Sujeet

Shinde, Kishor

The common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Schneider, 1799) Frost et al., 2006 from Aurangabad was found to harbor three species of nematodes; Oswaldocruzia goezei (Skrjabin and Schulz, 1952), Trichuris globusa (V. Linstow, 1901, Ransom, 1911), Oxysomatium macintoshii (Karve, 1927). Among all the parasites, Trichuris globulosa represents the accidental new host record for D. melanostictus in Maharashtra.</jats:p

Sujeet Jamdar

Kishor Shinde

C. J. Hiware

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Journal of Applied and Natural Science

Infectivity of nematode parasites of the common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) Frost et al., 2006 (Anura: Bufonidae) from different localities of Aurangabad

204Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4 (2):  204-206 (2012)2008APPLIED    ANDNATURAL SCIENCEFOUNDATIONANSF JANSInfectivity of nematode parasites of the common toad, Duttaphrynusmelanostictus (Schneider, 1799) Frost et al., 2006 (Anura: Bufonidae) fromdifferent localities of AurangabadSujeet Jamdar*, Kishor Shinde and C. J. HiwareDepartment of Zoology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M.S.), INDIA*Corresponding author. E-mail: Sujeetjamdar@gmail.comReceived: May 27, 2012; Revised received: June 26 , 2012; Accepted: August 30 ,  2012Abstract: The common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Schneider, 1799) Frost et al., 2006 from Aurangabadwas found to harbor three species of nematodes; Oswaldocruzia goezei (Skrjabin and Schulz, 1952), Trichurisglobusa (V. Linstow, 1901, Ransom, 1911), Oxysomatium macintoshii (Karve, 1927). Among all the parasites,Trichuris globulosa represents the accidental new host record for D. melanostictus in Maharashtra.Keywords: Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Infectivity, Nematode, ToadISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online)  All Rights Reserved © Applied and Natural Science Foundation  www.ansfoundation.orgINTRODUCTIONThe host and its parasites constitute a community oforganisms living in close intimacy and exerting aprofound effect upon each other. The new host record ofmany helminth parasites of green frogs Rana clamitansLatreille, was found from Southwestern Michigan,(Muzzall et al., 2001). There is also a report on nematodeparasites from collection of Zoological survey of India,(Baylis, and Daubney, 1922). Study on intestinalhelminths of Duttaphrynus melanostictus from Formosagave many new host records (Yamaguti and Mitunaga,1943). The helminth fauna of Andaman and Nicobarislands also studied from India (Soota and Chaturvedi,1970). Nematode parasites of different species ofamphibians from Maharashtra were studied by manyworkers. Chaudhari and  Deshmukh (1977) have reportednew species of genus Subcularis from Rana tigrina. Thepurpose of this study was to report additional species ofnematodes in D. melanostictus collected fromAurangabad, Maharashtra.MATERIALS AND METHODSThirty two D. melanostictus including road killed werecollected by hand during June 10 to Dec. 2011, fromAurangabad, Maharashtra (12 adult males and 20 adultfemales) from two collection sites i.e., Site- A UniversityCampus and Site-B Cantonment Area.Toads were anesthesized with chloroform. The bodycavity was opened by a longitudinal ventral incision andthe alimentary tract was excised by cutting across theoesophagus and the rectum. Contents of the stomach,small intestine and large intestine were mixed with 0.9%saline solution and placed in separate petri dishes forexamination under a dissecting microscope. The lungs,liver, gall bladder were also examined; some muscles,portions of peritoneum and spinal cord were teased apartwith needles and examined. Nematodes were fixed in hotethanol then stored in mixture of 70% ethanol and 10%glycerol and subsequently cleared in glycerol forexamination under a compound microscope. Permanentslides were made according to Gibson (1984). Parasiteswere identified with the use of information from Yamaguti(1961, 1963), “CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites ofVertebrates” (Anderson, et al., 1974 ab and Anderson,1978) and the “Fauna of British India” (Baylis andDaubney,1922; and Baylis, 1936, 1939).“Frequency Index” i.e. the percentage of infected hostsper sample and the “Concentration Index” as the numberof worms per infected host were calculated (Margolis etal., 1982).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONHelminth parasites, Oswaldocruzia goezei Skrjabin andSchulz, 1952 (Site: rectum), Trichuris globulosa (Site:stomach and small intestine), Oxysomatium macintoshiiRailliet and Henry, 1913 (Site: rectum) were recoveredfrom the gastro-intestinal tract of Duttaphrynusmelanostictus (Schneider, 1799, Frost et al., 2006).Oxysomatium macintoshii. appeared to have a highestfrequency index in Site-B (100%). whereas the lowestfrequency index was found in Trichuris globulosa atsame Site- B (5.8%). Similarly the concentration indexwas highest in Oxysomatium sp. at Site-B (15par/host)and there was no  infection recorded in T. globulosa.from site  A (Table 1)Four nematode species found in this study are commonparasites of anurans and occurred in both the localities.205 Sujeet Jamdar et al.  / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 4 (2): 204-206 (2012)Among all these species of nematodes only one speciesi.e. T. globusa exhibited  a new accidental records for D.melanostictus in the study area.Amphibians, particularly anurans have a rich parasitefauna (Prudhoe and Bray, 1982) perhaps due to the typicallife style of amphibians favouring vulnerability tomicrobial and parasitic infection. The damp habitatspreferred by amphibians favour survival of infectivestages of the parasites. This study when compared tothe observations of earlier workers suggest that thelocality from where the host is collected may account asone of the important factors accounting for variance infrequency index and concentration index of the parasiticfauna in various amphibian populations. This may bedue to the fact that an ecological complex is formed ateach locus composed of the parasite, the vector, the hostand various features of the host’s environment which isnot something absolute and static, but is ever changingand these factors may account for variance in infectivityas indicated in the present findings.These results were correlated with previous workersfindings such as Prudhoe and Bray (1982), Baylis (1936,1939), Buchvarov, (1963), Ingles (1936), Soota andChaturvedi (1971). Thus from the present investigationit was found that Trichuris globulosa,  the parasite ofruminant mammals found all over the world and theoccurrence in amphibian host forms the first record andit should be considered as an accidental infection.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe author Mr. Sujeet is very much thankful to the “UGC”for providing the financial assistance by “RFSMS”Scheme and also to the Head Department of ZoologyDr.B.A.M.University, Aurangabad (M.S.) for providingthe necessary laboratory facilities during my work.REFERENCESAnderson R. C., Chabaud A.G., Willmott S. (1974a). CIH keysthe nematode parasites of vertebrates. No.1. Generalintroduction. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux,Farnham Royal, Slough, Headley Brothers Ltd.Anderson,R. C., Chabaud, A. G. and Willmott S. (1974b) .CIH keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates.Commonweatth Agricultural Bureaux, Fornham Royal.Bucks., England.Anderson, R. C. (1978).  Key to the genera of the superfamilyMetastrongyloidea. Pp. 1-44. In : Commonwealth Instituteof Helminthology keys to the Nematode Parasites ofVertebrates. No.5. Eds. R. C. Anderson, A. G. Chabaud andS. Willmott. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux,Farnham, Farnham Royal: England.Baylis, H.A. and Daubney. R. (1922). Report on the parasiticnematodes in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India.Memories of Indian Museum, Calcutta, 7: 63-347.Baylis, H.A. (1936).  The Fauna of British India includingCeylon and Burma. Nematoda Vol. I (Ascaroidea andStrongyloidea). Originally published by Taylor and Francis,London (reprinted edition : Today & Tomorrow’s Printers& Publishers, New Delhi). pp 408.Baylis, H. A. (1939).  The Fauna of British India includingCeylon and Burma. Nematoda Vol. II (Filarioidea,Dioctophymoidea and Trichinelloidea). Originally publishedby Taylor and Francis, London (reprinted edition: Today &Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi). pp 274 .Buchvarov, G. (1963). To the helminth fauna of some acaudatedamphibians from the Strandzha mountain and the Black seacoast. Scientific works of the Higher Pedagogical Institute ofPlovdiv, 2: 1963, pp.69-75.Choudhari, A. C. and Deshmukh, P.G. (1977). A new speciesof the genus Subulascaris from Rana tigrina. MarathwadaUniversity Journal of Science (Natural Sciences), 16 (Sci.No. 9) : 85-86.Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A.,Haddad, C.F.B., De Sa, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M.,Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto,B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch,J.D., Green, D.M. and Wheeler, W.C. (2006). The amphibiantree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of NaturalHistory, 297 : 370.Gibson D.I. (1984). Technology as applied to museumcollection: the collection, fixation and conservation ofhelminths. Syst. Parasitol., 6: 241.Ingles L.G. (1936). Worm parasites of California Amphibia.Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc., 55: 73- 82.Margolis L.G.W., Esch J.C., Holmes A.M. and Schad G.A.(1982). The use of ecological terms in parasitology.  J.Parasitol., 68: 131- 133.Muzzall P.M., Gillilland M.G., III, Summer C. S. and MehneC.J. (2001). Helminth communities of green frogs Ranaclamitans Latreille, from Southwestern Michigan. J.Parasitol., 87(5): 962- 968.Prudhoe S. and Bray R.A. (1982): Platyhelminth parasites ofthe Amphibia. Oxford: British Museum (Natural History);Oxford University Press.Soota, T.D. and Chaturvedi Y. (1971).  Notes on somenematodes from the unnamed collections of the ZoologicalSurvey of India. Proc. Zool. Soc., Calcutta, 24: 13- 24.Table 1. Infectivity of D. melanostictus for helminth parasites from different localities of Aurangabad.  Locality  No. of Hosts examined Parasites recovered Oswaldocruzia goezei Oxysomatium macintoshii Trichuris globulosa No. of hosts infected Freq. index (%) Conc. index (par/host) No. of hosts infected Freq index (%) Conc. index (par/host) No. of hosts infected Freq index (%) Conc. index (par/host) Site- A 15 12 80 12 14 93.3 14 - - - Site- B 17 15 88.23 10 17 100 15 01 5.8 01 206Sujeet Jamdar et al.  / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 4 (2): 204-206 (2012)Yamaguti, S. and Mitunaga, Y. (1943). Intestinal helminths fromDuttaphrynusmelanostictus of Formosa.Transcations of theNatural History Society of Formosa. Taiwan, 236 (33): 142-154.Yamaguti, S. (1961).  Systema Helminthum. Vol. 3 (I & II).Originally published by Interscience Publishers, Inc., NewYork and London (reprinted  edition). International Books& Periodicals Supply Service, New Delhi). pp  679 and1261.Ya ma gu ti ,S . (1963) .  Sy s t em a He lm in thum . Vol.V.Acanthocephala. Interscience, New York. pp  423.

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Infectivity of nematode parasites of the common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) Frost et al., 2006 (Anura: Bufonidae) from different localities of Aurangabad

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