Genetic divergence was worked out in the new germplasm of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) including 42 genotypes. Mahalanobis's D2 statistics was applied for identifying the potential parents to be involved in the hybridization programme for trait specific improvement or selecting better segregants. On the basis of performance for various traits, genotypes were grouped into three clusters and maximum numbers of genotypes i.e. 28 were accommodated in cluster I , while 10 and 4 genotypes were arranged in cluster II and III respectively. The average intra cluster distance was maximum in cluster II (2.214) and minimum in cluster III (1.212). Inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster II and III (5.077) indicating that hybridization between genotypes from cluster II and III can be utilized for getting the superior recombinants in segregating generations. On the basis of cluster means for various characters , cluster II was found superior for shoot thickness (0.34cm), inter - nodal length (2.38cm), number of lenticels (62.10) and leaf blade length (8.79cm) whereas cluster III was found superior for leaf blade width (5.10cm), petiole length (2.64cm) and leaf blade ratio (3.62). Hence, hybridization between parents from cluster II and cluster III for these characters can produce better recombinants in segregating generations

Belwal, O. K.

Kumar, Rakesh

Mahajan, P. K.

Mankotia, M. S.

Sharma, Anju

Sharma, Satish K.

Genetic divergence was worked out in the new germplasm of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) including 42 genotypes. Mahalanobis's D2 statistics was applied for identifying the potential parents to be involved in the hybridization programme for trait specific improvement or selecting better segregants. On the basis of performance for various traits, genotypes were grouped into three clusters and maximum numbers of genotypes i.e. 28 were accommodated in cluster I , while 10 and 4 genotypes were arranged in cluster II and III respectively. The average intra cluster distance was maximum in cluster II (2.214) and minimum in cluster III (1.212). Inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster II and III (5.077) indicating that hybridization between genotypes from cluster II and III can be utilized for getting the superior recombinants in segregating generations. On the basis of cluster means for various characters , cluster II was found superior for shoot thickness (0.34cm), inter - nodal length (2.38cm), number of lenticels (62.10) and leaf blade length (8.79cm) whereas cluster III was found superior for leaf blade width (5.10cm), petiole length (2.64cm) and leaf blade ratio (3.62). Hence, hybridization between parents from cluster II and cluster III for these characters can produce better recombinants in segregating generations.</jats:p

Anju Sharma

Rakesh Kumar

M. S. Mankotia

P. K. Mahajan

O. K. Belwal

Satish K. Sharma

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Journal of Applied and Natural Science

Genetic divergence evaluation of apple germplasm by D2 multivariate analysis

Genetic divergence was worked out in the new germplasm of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) including 42 genotypes. Mahalanobis\u27s D2 statistics was applied for identifying the potential parents to be involved in the hybridization programme for trait specific improvement or selecting better segregants. On the basis of performance for various traits, genotypes were grouped into three clusters and maximum numbers of genotypes i.e. 28 were accommodated in cluster I , while 10 and 4 genotypes were arranged in cluster II and III respectively. The average intra cluster distance was maximum in cluster II (2.214) and minimum in cluster III (1.212). Inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster II and III (5.077) indicating that hybridization between genotypes from cluster II and III can be utilized for getting the superior recombinants in segregating generations. On the basis of cluster means for various characters , cluster II was found superior for shoot thickness (0.34cm), inter - nodal length (2.38cm), number of lenticels (62.10) and leaf blade length (8.79cm) whereas cluster III was found superior for leaf blade width (5.10cm), petiole length (2.64cm) and leaf blade ratio (3.62). Hence, hybridization between parents from cluster II and cluster III for these characters can produce better recombinants in segregating generations

  2008APPLIED    ANDNATURAL SCIENCEFOUNDATIONANSFJANS Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7 (2): 889 - 892  (2015) Genetic divergence evaluation of apple germplasm by D2 multivariate  analysis Anju Sharma1*, Rakesh Kumar1, M. S. Mankotia1, P. K. Mahajan1, O. K. Belwal2 and  Satish K. Sharma1 1Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230 (H.P.), INDIA 2H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar- Garhwal-246174 (Uttarakhand), INDIA *Corresponding author. E-mail: anjusharma_uhf@yahoo.com Received: March 14, 2015; Revised received: September 29, 2015; Accepted: November 2, 2015 Abstract: Genetic divergence was worked out in the new germplasm of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) including 42 genotypes. Mahalanobis's D2 statistics was applied for identifying the potential parents to be involved in the  hybridization programme for trait specific improvement or selecting better segregants. On the basis of performance for various traits, genotypes  were grouped into three clusters and maximum numbers of genotypes i.e. 28 were accommodated in cluster I , while 10 and 4 genotypes were arranged in cluster II and III respectively. The average intra cluster distance was maximum in cluster II (2.214) and minimum in cluster III (1.212). Inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster II and III (5.077) indicating that hybridization between genotypes from cluster II and III can be utilized for getting the superior recombinants in segregating generations.  On the basis of cluster means for various characters , cluster II was found superior for shoot thickness (0.34cm), inter - nodal length (2.38cm), number of lenticels (62.10) and leaf blade length (8.79cm) whereas cluster III was found superior for leaf blade width (5.10cm), petiole length (2.64cm) and leaf blade ratio (3.62). Hence, hybridization between parents from cluster II and cluster III for these characters can produce better recombinants in segregating generations.  Keywords: Apple, Cluster analysis, D2 statistic, Genetic divergence INTRODUCTION Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is an important temperate fruit crop of India with respect to acreage, production, demand and economic value. It is a mem-ber of rosaceae family and pomoideae sub family. In 1930, Vavilov suggested that Turkistan was the area where M. sieversii and M. domestica could have origi-nated (Robinson et al., 2001). Zhou (1999) referred China as its origin  since about 80 per cent of all spe-cies of the genus  are found in that country.  Consumers have a special preference for apple grown in high hills of Himachal Pradesh due to its character-istic color, flavor, crispiness, compactness and sweet-ness. There is considerable scope for its cultivation in Himachal Pradesh but the productivity of apple is very low i.e. 2.7 MT/ha (Anonymous, 2013) due to mono-culture of Delicious varieties, low proportion of self fruitful varieties in orchards, inappropriate sites,  irregular bearing to adverse climatic conditions and improper management practices, poor soil conditions, lack of suitable adaptable cultivars and lack of diversi-fication in pollinizers and their inadequate proportion. Hence,  there is a need to develop and utilize the new germplasm of apple for meeting the desired objectives by following suitable breeding strategy, so as to have suitable varieties to overcome constraints listed above ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online)  All Rights Reserved © Applied and Natural Science Foundation  www.ansfoundation.org in enhancing productivity and sustaining production. Variation in the existing germplasm is pre-requisite for initiating any breeding programme. Reduced number of cultivars used in breeding programmes of apple can be explained by the lack of information of the germ-plasm banks, which reduces their possible use (Noiton and Alspach, 1996). The main problem when using a reduced number of cultivars is the inbreeding among future generations, in comparison with other fruit trees as peach, raspberry or chestnut. Nowadays, new ap-proaches can be afforded to increase genetic variability in commercial releases such as collecting seedling from the supposed original species M. sieversii or us-ing old cultivars (Forsline and Aldwinckle, 2004). But inbreeding problems are not yet visible in seeding populations due to the elevated heterozygocity of the genus Malus. The first cultivar obtained by crossing was attributed to Thomas Andrew Knight (1759–1838). Another method to obtain new genotypes/cultivars is through  selection of natural mutants and chimeras (Janick et al., 1996).   For improvement of those characters with non-additive type of gene action and didn’t respond to  selection, there is a need for partitioning of non-additive component of genetic variance further by hy-bridization which is achieved through genetic diver-gence studies. D2 multivariate analysis is one of the 890  valuable tools for obtaining quantitative estimates of genetic divergence between biological populations. Further, grouping of genotypes based on Tocher’s method will be more useful in choosing reliable par-ents for obtaining superior segregants. The crossing of two parents is now, as it always has been, the main method in apple breeding. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present study to estimate genetic di-vergence among forty two genotypes of apple. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were carried out at Regional Horticultural  Research & Training Station , Dr Y S Parmar Univer-sity of Horticulture & Forestry, Mashobra, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India (lat 31° 7′ 48″ N, long 77° 13′ 48″ E, alt 2146 m) on forty two genotypes of apple. The genotypes along with their accession num-ber and sources of availability have been presented in Table 1. Trees were planted at a spacing of (3m × 1.5m) in the year 2011-12. The cultural practices were followed as per package and practices of fruit crops recommended by Dr Y S Parmar University of Horti-culture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan, HP, India. The ob-servations were recorded on one year old plants on shoot thickness (cm), shoot - inter-nodal length (cm), no. of lenticels, leaf blade length (cm), leaf blade width (cm), leaf blade ratio (l/w) and petiole length (cm). The statistical analysis was carried out for each ob-served character under the study using MS-Excel, SPSS 16.0 and SPAR 2.0 packages. The mean values of data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) as per Gomez and Gomez (1983) for Ran-Anju Sharma et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 7 (2): 889 - 892  (2015) Table 1. Clustering pattern of 42 genotypes of apple on the basis of genetic divergence.  Cluster number Number of genotypes Name of genotype Accession Number Sources of availability I 28 Spartan I EC-492553 NBPGR, Phagli     Red Gold EC-328842 NBPGR, Phagli     Tydeman's Early Worchester EC-044005 NBPGR, Phagli     Royal Deliciuous EC-552628 NBPGR, Phagli     Tropical Beauty EC-552616 NBPGR, Phagli     Black Ben Davis EC-036439 NBPGR, Phagli     Red Baron EC-115820 NBPGR, Phagli     Anna EC-100218 NBPGR, Phagli     Early Red One EC-513657 NBPGR, Phagli     Real Mecoy EC-558098 NBPGR, Phagli     York-a-Red EC-558022 NBPGR, Phagli     Red Delicious EC-451348 NBPGR, Phagli     Cox's Orange Pippin IC-013509 NBPGR, Phagli     Ambroyal - RHRS, Mashobra     Co-Fuji - RHRS, Mashobra     Early Red Bird - RHRS, Mashobra     Gloster - RHRS, Mashobra     Hardeman - RHRS, Mashobra     Lady Sudeley - RHRS, Mashobra     Lody Early Golden IC-558091 RHRS, Mashobra     Lobo - RHRS, Mashobra     Lord Lambourne - RHRS, Mashobra     Mclntosh Double Red IC-558023 NBPGR, Phagli     Red Gravenstein - RHRS, Mashobra     Red Fuji EC-513662 NBPGR, Phagli     Starkrimson Delicious - RHRS, Mashobra     Tydeman's Late Orange - RHRS, Mashobra     Spartan II - RHRS, Mashobra II 10 Granny Smith EC-114117 NBPGR, Phagli     Gold Spur EC-160161 NBPGR, Phagli     Gala EC-144039 NBPGR, Phagli     Mutsu EC-100445 NBPGR, Phagli     Gibson Golden - RHRS, Mashobra     Gale Gala - RHRS, Mashobra     Golden Delicious - RHRS, Mashobra     Yellow Transparent EC-044217 NBPGR, Phagli     Yellow Newton - RHRS, Mashobra     Scarlet Gala IC-558100 RHRS, Mashobra III 4 Skyline Supreme EC-027801 NBPGR, Phagli     Red Chief EC-200817 NBPGR, Phagli     Lalla Delicious EC-110765 NBPGR, Phagli     Baldwin IC-558017 NBPGR, Phagli 891  domized Block Design. The data were subjected to Mahalanobis’s D2 statistics as per Mahalonobis (1936). Treating D2 as the generalized statistical distance be-tween a pair of populations (genotypes), all popula-tions were grouped into different clusters according to method described by Rao (1952). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits stud-ied. On the basis of mean performance of various traits, the clustering pattern of 42 genotypes of apple from different geographical locations has been pre-sented in the Table 1. All the genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters. Maximum numbers of genotypes were arranged in cluster-I (28) while second and third clus-ter comprised of 10 and 4 varieties/cultivars respec-tively. Pattern of grouping of genotypes into different clusters indicated that genetic diversity is independent of geographical diversity. The studies on genetic diver-gence in apple corroborated with the findings of Srivastva et al. (2013), Sharma and Sharma (2006) and Sharma et al. (2013). Sharma et al., (2013) grouped 16 cultivars of apple into 4 clusters on the basis of net variability and reported that pattern of grouping of genotypes into different clusters was independent of their place of collection. Maximum number of geno-types (7) were accommodated in cluster IV while mini-mum genotypes in cluster II (2). On the other hand Sharma and Sharma (2006) worked out genetic diver-gence among 30 scab resistant genotypes of apple and grouped them into 6 clusters. Maximum number of genotypes (14) entered into cluster III followed by cluster VI (9), cluster II (3), cluster I (2), cluster IV (1) and cluster V (1). Since genotypes collected from a single place were grouped into different clusters thus indicated that genetic diversity is independent of geo-graphical diversity. Pereira et al. (2003) clustered ap-ple genotypes into different groups on the basis of traits like internodal length, spur frequency, spur coef-ficient, number of long shoot. Saran et al. (2007) grouped 35 ber genotypes into 7 clusters using D2 sta-tistics. The average inter and intra cluster divergence (D2) values are presented in the Table 2. The diagonal fig-ures in the table represent the intra cluster distances. The intra cluster distance was highest in cluster II (2.214) and lowest in cluster III (1.212). Whereas, highest (5.077) inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster II and III and lowest (2.635) was ob-served between cluster I and II. It is well known that crosses between divergent parents usually produce greater heterotic effect than closely related ones. Since, crossing of genotypes belonging to same cluster will not expect to yield superior hybrids or segregants therefore, inter cluster distances were also worked-out. Inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster II and III (5.077). Study revealed that cluster II was most diverse among three clusters as it accommodated maximum number of genotypes (28) while cluster III was least diverse and accommodated only 4 genotypes. On the other hand maximum inter cluster distance was reported between cluster II and III indicated that these are most distantly related. Since crossing between most distantly related individuals results into superior hy-brids or superior transgressive segregants in segregat-ing generations, thus crossing between the genotypes of cluster II and III which are most distantly related may result into superior hybrids or better recombinants in segregating generations of apple.  Sharma et al., 2013 reported maximum inter cluster distance between clusters I and II (30.331) and revealed that maximum variability will be achieved when hybridization be-tween the cultivars accommodating these clusters is attempted. Furthermore, on the basis of cluster means for various characters studied, the cluster means for various horti-cultural traits are presented in the Table 3. The average shoot thickness was maximum in cluster II (0.34cm) followed by cluster I (0.32cm), and cluster III (0.27cm).  Similarly, the maximum inter – nodal length was recorded in cluster II (2.38cm) followed by cluster I (2.22cm). Cluster II further recorded the maximum number of lenticels (62.10) followed by cluster III (36.75) and cluster I (28.29). Length of leaf blade was found to be maximum cluster II (8.79cm) followed by cluster I (7.51cm) while width of leaf blade was maximum in cluster I (5.10cm) followed by cluster II (5.03cm). Maximum Petiole length was ob-tained in cluster III (2.64cm) followed by cluster II (2.54cm) and cluster I (2.36cm). Leaf blade ratio was maximum in cluster III (3.62) and minimum in cluster II (1.75).Cluster II was found superior for shoot thick-ness, inter nodal length, number of lenticels and leaf blade length whereas cluster III was found superior for leaf blade width and petiole length.  Sharma et al., (2013) studied the average cluster means and recorded Anju Sharma et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 7 (2): 889 - 892  (2015) Table 2. Average intra and inter cluster distance (D2). Cluster I II III I 2.128     II 2.635 2.214   III 3.589 5.077 1.212 Table 3. Cluster means for different characters among 42 genotypes of apple. Characters Clusters I II III One year old shoot thickness (cm) 0.32 0.34 0.27 One year old shoot -  Inter-nodal length (cm) 2.22 2.38 1.63 One year old - No. of lenticels 28.29 62.10 36.75 Leaf blade length (cm) 7.51 8.79 5.28 Leaf blade Width (cm) 3.70 5.03 5.10 Leaf blade ratio (l/w) 2.03 1.75 3.62 Petiole length (cm) 2.36 2.54 2.64 892  highest values for the characters like fruit weight (8.81 g), fruit set after 50 days (64.66) fruit retention (49.88%), TSS (11.79°B) in Cluster I. The cluster II had better mean performance for the traits like fruit yield per plant (39.08 kg), duration of flowering (19.25 days), flesh firmness (12.34 kg/cm2), fruit diameter (6.59 cm), fruit length (5.74 cm) and plant spread (4.92 m). In similar way, cluster III revealed superior mean performance for the characters like trunk girth (46.76 cm), followed by spur frequency (12.66%), total sugars (7.62%), reducing sugars (6.78%). The characters like shoot length (9.67 cm), plant height (4.95 m), plant spread (3.89 m) had higher values in Cluster IV. The character fruit set after 50 days (64.66) in cluster I, yield per plant (39.78 Kg) in cluster II, trunk girth (46.76 cm) in cluster III and shoot length (19.47 cm) in cluster IV showed the highest values.   On the basis of cluster means in the current study it is depicted that hybridization between genotypes of clus-ter- II and cluster- III can be effectively utilized for getting superior recombinants through further parti-tioning of genetic variance of the above mentioned characters.  Conclusion The study on apple germplasm by D2 multivariate analysis  concluded that the genetic diversity was inde-pendent of geographic diversity. Highest inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster II and III indi-cating that hybridization between genotypes from clus-ter II and III can be utilized for getting the superior recombinants/transgressive seggregants in segregating generations in this crop.  Furthermore, cluster II was found superior for shoot thickness, inter – nodal length, number of lenticels and leaf blade length whereas cluster III was found superior for leaf blade width and petiole length depicted that genotypes of cluster- II and cluster- III can be effectively utilized for improvement of these traits through further partition-ing of genetic variance by hybridization. Hence it is concluded that genotypes of most distantly related clusters accompanied with useful characteristics could be effectively utilized in inter cluster crosses with the hope that this would lead to improvement over the existing cultivars in one or more horticultural traits of apple. REFERENCES Anonymous (2013). 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Srivastava, K.K., Ahmad, N., Das, B., Sharma, O.C., Singh, S.R. and Rather, J.A. (2013). Influence of diverse pollen source on fruit-fullness of apple (Malus domestica). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. (11): 1217-1220. Zhou, Z.Q. (1999). The apple genetic resources in China: the wild species and their distributions, informative charac-teristics and utilisation. Genet. Resour. Crop Ev. 46: 599–609. Anju Sharma et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 7 (2): 889 - 892  (2015) 

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Genetic divergence evaluation of apple germplasm by D2 multivariate analysis

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