A dug canoe similar to the one commonly used by artisanal fisherfolks 4.82M (LOA) was designed and constructed using locally available materials, as an alternative to hardwood that is becoming very scarce. The canoe have least cost, easy construction, adequate stability, light weight and easy maneuverability, as its attributes. The light displacement (weight empty) was 37kg which is light enough in relation to craft of same size commonly used by fishermen. The capacity of the canoe was 210 kg (3 persons) and total production cost of N18,400 which is not beyond the reach of an average fisherfolk. The craft is small and fall among the category of crafts that account for the greater percentage of national fish landing. The canoe also closely resembles the local fishing crafts, hence easy acceptance by local fisherfolk

Abubakar, S.

Adamu, R.

Adeleye, A.R.

Ahmed, Y.B.

Fajingbesi, O.

Francis, A.

Aquatic Commons

OBJECTIVES:- The objectives of this work are to:
Produce-a modem craft that closely resembles the dugout canoe in performance, affordable,
watertight and adequately reinforced, to save the fishermen from spending their precious fishing
time on bai ling out water,
Find alternative material for production of artisanal fishing crafts as a replacement for hard wood
that is becoming increasingly scarce.
INTRODUCTION
A canoe is described as a small open vessel whose beam (width) is shallow relative to its length, having
pointed bow and stern. The traditional boat operating on kainji lake nrc easily damaged by the turbulent
water condition due to the fact that they are built through concentrating the joint along the same location
(Omorodion, 1983) . The traditional dugout canoe and catamaran used for fishing and marine
transportation require high-quality hardwood. With deforestation of many tropical coastal areas, these
strong, workable, long-lived woods are increasingly scarce in many areas of the world, finding the type of
timber needed to build a good quality wooden boat is becoming a problem hence boat construction is a
growing problem for many small scale fishermen. Flat bottom crafts are the easiest and cheapest to design
and construct, they are also best for use on calm or peaceful and shallow waters (Omorodion, 1983). The
fishing crafts used in small scale fisheries in the Nigerian inland and coastal water are mostly wooden
canoes. They include dugout, planked and the planked dugout (half dugout canoes). The useful life spans
become drastically reduced by pest due to negligence of wood preservative (Udolisa et al; 1998, 1999). In
absence of the dugout canoes, local fishermen commonly usc the flat bottom crafts due to the tact that it is
about the only design the local boat builders can afford tu build, it also resembles the traditional dugout
canoe, hence they arc easily accepted. In recent times, various accidents bad occurred in Lake Kainji due to
leakages in wooden crafts that have been badly damaged leading to losses of lives, fishing gears and fish
catch (Ahmed et al; 2007). Small crafts design should be based on the traditions of a given region, radical
departure from the traditional hull designs may not gain local acceptance (NRC, 1988). IIigh quality timber
and planks may be replaced by laminated wood composites (ply woods) preserved and sealed with resins.
Plywood pieces can be wired together with galvanized soft irons wire and then sealed with epoxy resins in
the stitch and glue technique as plywood crafts are strong, light and are used in many parts of the world.
ABSTRACT
A dug canoe similar to the one commonly used by artisunal fisherfolks 4.82lv/ (LOA) was designed and
constructed using locally available materials, as an alternative to hardwood that is becoming velY scarce.
The canoe have least cost, easy construction, adequate stability; light weight and easy manoeuvrebtlity, as
its attributes, The light displacemenl (weight empty) was 37kg which is Light enough in relation to craft of
same size commonly used by fishermen. The capacity of the canoe was 210 kg (3 persona) and total
production cost of N 18,400 which is not beyond the reach of an average fisherfolk: The craft is small and
fall among the category of crafts that accounifor the greater percentage ofnationalfish landing. The canoe
also closely resembles (he 10calfishing crafts, hence easy acceptance by localfisherfolk:
Keywords: Canoe, plywood, hardwood, alternative.
FEDERAL COLLEGE OF FRESHWATERFISHERIES TECHNOLOGY,
P. M.B. 1500, ~EW BUSSA, J\'I}GERSTATE.
ABUBAKAR. S, ADAMU. R,AIIMED. Y.B, FAJlNGBEST. 0, ADELEYE A. R
and
FRANCIS .A.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED DUG CANOE FOR
ARTISANAL FISHERY
RESULTS ANDooDISCUSSlOX
The specifications ofthc canoe (Table 2) indicates that the breadth overall (BOA) is 0.65metre which is
about 13.48% of the length overall (LOA), while the depth was 0.16rnetre about 24.G1% of the BOA. These
specifications are within the range of design guidelines as described by Abubakar (2007), the construction
Determination of specifications
The light displacement (weight empty) was determined by direct measurement of weight of the boat after
construction using a spring weighing balance. The capacity of the canoe was determ ined by direct addition
ofweight to the boat while floating on water until it carried the maximum weight it cou Id carry.
Displacement was determined as: D =LD - DW, (Abubakar and Adamu, 2010),
Where:
D= Displacement,
LD= Light displacement, and
DW = Deadweight
The cost of the canoe was estimated based on the local market price of the materials used for the
construction in respect of their sizes and specifications. After completion the canoe was conveyed
from the college boat building workshop to Kigera III reservoir for testing. It was gently placed on
water then allowed to float empty, while being observed for leakage, stability and draft. The capacity
was then tested for by allowing one person at a time, until it carried the maximum weight it could carry.
Construction
The plywood carrying marked layout was placed on a work table ready for cutting. Ajig saw was used to
saw along the marks then the pieces for the sides and bottom were cut out of one plywood. 4 strips for side
and 3 for the bottomstrip making 7 pieces were produced. The sides strips were joined with glue first, and
then the 3 pieces for the bottom were also joined. 3 pieces of 25mm hard wood were cut with 60 degrees
flair to the sides then fixed to the bottom strip. The 2 full sides were fixed to the bottom strip by drilling
holes (3mm) along the edges then2mm binding wire was used to join the part together twisted with the aid
ofa player. To the seams a paste of glue and saw dust was applied to seal them off for water tightness and to
make the joints stronger. The gunwales were made of21 x 21 rom batten and fixed with glue and wire nail.
After completing the main construction, the hull was fully coated with resin inside and outside. The hull of
the craft was sanded off thoroughly then cleaned with a rag to prepare a good surfaee for painting. After
sanding, three coats of oil gloss paint were used to paint the craft allowing one coal to dry before applying
the next.
Design
The material used for the design work were the basic drawing tools and materials such as drawing board,
HB pencil, T-square Set, square, curve battens of various sizes, meter rule and drawing papers,
The construction was achieved with materials such as: 12mm Plywood, 24mm hardwood, fastening glue
(top bond), binding wire, wire Nail, accelerated resin, catalyst (hardener) and basic carpentry tools such as
hand saw, jig sawing machine, chisel, smooth planner, measuring tape, spirit level, and bevel square,
h arm e r w ere use d for the con s t r u c t i 0 on w 0 r k .
A design data was obtained from the freehand sketch of the canoe, which was drawn with a HB pencils,
putting in place all the required design lines and making all necessary adjustments. Meter rule was then
used to measure the specification of the freehand sketch as described by love (1979).
The design data was used to draw the canoe to scale (1: 15.25), with the drawing instruments. The design
guide line according to Abubakar (2007) quoting Chappelle (1956), whieh state that: Beam =length 15,
Depth = 12 beam, and Draft = length / 10 or 20, were adopted to achieve the design. The canoe's layout was
drawn on one sheets of plywood maintaining the required sizes and shapes of each part needed to be put
together to make the complete canoe. The points were connected with lines using iron square and wooden
curve batten to aid marking of proper straight and curved lines respecti vely with HB pencil.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Amount X
2500.00
1200.00
300.00
200.00
1200.00
4500.00
5000.00
500.00
3,000.00
NI8,400.00
Unit
2,500.00
1200.00
100
200.00
400.00
2250.00
1000
250
T
0.46
0.14
0.46
0.14
4
0.052
0.156
0.43
0.235
_-.--- -- ",T_
,.,.:- ----_t---~--~===-===_~j
...- I ".-
FIGURE 2: DESIGN LAYOUT
1.. -
Table 2: Specifications of the Canoe
Length overall (LOA) 4.82m
Breadth overall (BOA) 0.65m
Moulded depth O.l6m
Draft 6cm
Light displacement 37kg
Deadweight (capacity) 210kg (3 persons)
Displacement 247kg
Scale 1:15
Table 3: Scantling sizes and cost
Material Size Quantity
Plywood. 12mm lsht
Hardwood 25X25mm 1~0
Binding wire 2mmroll 3rI
Wire nail Assorted J lb
Glue 1kg .3kg
Gloss paint ".gal. 2g1
Resin and reagents 5kg
Sanding disc No 2
Labour cost
Total cost
2
0.052
0.156
0.43
0.235
1
0.46
0.14
0.46
0.14
Sections
3
0.026
0.195
0.39
0.28
Design ordinates
Keel/chine llA/B
Chine HJB '.
Sheer .I-lAIB
Sheer H!B
Table 1: Design dota(m)
FIGURE 1: DESIGN ~E'T'CII
,
ncont.l\'!IW
I
resulted to the production of a canoe that has the fore and· aft look alike.
The canoe is light in weight (37kg) in relation to its size, such that one person can carry without difficulty.
The light weight gives the canoe increased dead weight, as it floats at a shallow draft leaving greater part of
the canoe above the water line as free board thereby increasing its capacity to carry more loads.
The construction process utilized a sheet of ply wood leaving no leftovers, so the work achieved maximum
utilization of materials. The cost of construction (Table 3) was N 18, 400 which is affordable in relation to
the cost of local canoe of same size based on the National Survey of fishing crafts (NIFFR, 2002).
The canoe carried a maximum of 3 persons (plate 5) with average weight of 70kg and was easily
maneuvered when propelled by paddling as it floated at a shallow draft; this makes the canoe adequate for
use on shallow water bodies such as ponds, reservoirs and lakes.
Such easily maneuvered craft can also be used on pond or reservoirs for recreation which include, sport
fishing and canoeing.
prevent infestation.NTOMRannualreport 1999 pp.l7-18.
canoesto
Calabar 13th -17u'Kovember, 2006pp 73 -78
Love G. (1979) The theory and practice of woodwork. Longman publishers,
London, 4tbed. 156p.
NI.F.F.R (2002), National Survey of Fishing gears and Crafts on Nigerian Inland
Water Bodies. National Institutefor Freshwater Fisheries Research Occasionalpaper
No: 4. New-Bussa, Nigeria.54p
National Research Council (1988) Fisheries technology for developing countries
Report of an ad-hoc panel of the board for science and technology for international
developmentNational Research. Council Washington DC.168p
Omorodion, S. O. (1983). Construction of 7.3m canoe. Kainji lake Research Institute Annual report .
PP.91-98
Pauly, D. (19gS). Artisanal fishing and environmental conservation in south Asia seas. Wallaceana 41
(9):3-5.
Teale 1. (1981) The wonderful world of flaties, motor boat and Yachting, J.P.C transport press LTD, Survey.
Udolisa,R.E.K, B:B. Solarin E.E. Arnbrose.F, Aniebona and S.C. Opurum (1999), Treatment a/wooden
Nigeria,
Topo Badagry 25'~- 29'~ October, 20 I0 pp 17 - 21
Ahmed, YB., S. Abubakar and M.M Bako (2007). Assesment of safety of water crafts inLake Kainji
Nigeria.
In: U.I Enin et al ( eds.) Proceeding of the 21'1 Annual Conference of the fisheries Society of
Nigeria,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The canoe, have light weight, least cost, ability to float at a Shallow draft, adequate stability and easy
maneuverability as its attributes. These important qualities are adequate for an artisanal individual
fishing craft needed for activities on inland water bodies.
This craft is recommended to replace the local fishing canoes and also for use on fish ponds, reservoirs
and any other large aquaculture system.
It is recommended that same technology be used to construct larger canoes for usc on bigger water
bodies, to replace those local canoes that arc characterized by short lifespan and low capacities.
REFERENCES
Abubakar .S (2007). Design and construction of an improved Flat bottom fishing Canoe, In: U.l Enin et al (
cds.)
Proceeding of the 21'l Annual Conference ofthc fisheries Society of Nigeria, Calabar 13111- 17th
November, 2006 pp 335 - 347
Abubakar.S and R.Adarnu (201 0).Developmentof2.14m one sheet eanoe (sampan) for pond activities.
In: Ansa, E.J et al (eels.) Proceeding of the 2511\Annual Conference of the fisheries Society of
PLATE 2: THE CANOE WITH THREE PEOPLE OK BOARDPLATE 1: COMPLETED CMOEPLACED ONWATER


Development of an improved dug canoe for artisanal fisheries

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Development of an improved dug canoe for artisanal fisheries

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