Data were analyzed following rarefication. All potential explanatory variables were included within both the OTU richness and community composition PERMANOVA models, using an FDR correction for multiple comparisons. Variables included whether a sample was collected from a chimpanzee bed, the age of a bed, season (wet or dry), elevation above sea level (m), and whether a sample was from a branch or a leaf. (a) Alpha richness values were calculated based on the number of unique microbial OTUs present in each sample. (b) Community composition data were weighted by OTU abundance using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity metric

Alexander K. Piel (4732566)

David A. Baltzegar (5153477)

Fiona A. Stewart (361673)

Kaitlin P. Coyle (121057)

Matthew A. Bertone (187785)

Megan S. Thoemmes (622368)

Naomi Cohen (84060)

R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar (5106185)

Robert R. Dunn (121034)

Russell J. Borski (5106179)

Royal Society Open Science

The indoor environment created by the construction of homes and other buildings is often considered to be uniquely different from other environments. It is composed of organisms that are less diverse than those of the outdoors and strongly sourced by, or dependent upon, human bodies. Yet, no one has ever compared the composition of species found in contemporary human homes to that of other structures built by mammals, including those of non-human primates. Here we consider the microbes and arthropods found in chimpanzee beds, relative to the surrounding environment (n = 41 and 15 beds, respectively). Based on the study of human homes, we hypothesized that the microbes found in chimpanzee beds would be less diverse than those on nearby branches and leaves and that their beds would be primarily composed of body-associated organisms. However, we found that differences between wet and dry seasons and elevation above sea level explained nearly all of the observed variation in microbial diversity and community structure. While we can identify the presence of a chimpanzee based on the assemblage of bacteria, the dominant signal is that of environmental microbes. We found just four ectoparasitic arthropod specimens, none of which appears to be specialized on chimpanzees or their structures. These results suggest that the life to which chimpanzees are exposed while in their beds is predominately the same as that of the surrounding environment

Thoemmes, Megan S.

Stewart, Fiona A

Hernandez-Aguilar, Raquel Adriana

Bertone, Matthew A.

Baltzegar, David A.

Borski, Russell J.

Cohen, Naomi

Coyle, Kaitlin P.

Piel, Alexander K.

Dunn, Robert R.

NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives

Ecology of sleeping: The microbial and arthropod associates of chimpanzee beds

FigShare

Table S3. PERMANOVA results. from Ecology of sleeping: the microbial and arthropod associates of chimpanzee beds

Stewart, Fiona A.

Hernandez-aguilar, R. Adriana

Baltzegar, David A. 

Copenhagen University Research Information System

Ecology of sleeping:the microbial and arthropod associates of chimpanzee beds


            The indoor environment created by the construction of homes and other buildings is often considered to be uniquely different from other environments. It is composed of organisms that are less diverse than those of the outdoors and strongly sourced by, or dependent upon, human bodies. Yet, no one has ever compared the composition of species found in contemporary human homes to that of other structures built by mammals, including those of non-human primates. Here we consider the microbes and arthropods found in chimpanzee beds, relative to the surrounding environment (
            n
             = 41 and 15 beds, respectively). Based on the study of human homes, we hypothesized that the microbes found in chimpanzee beds would be less diverse than those on nearby branches and leaves and that their beds would be primarily composed of body-associated organisms. However, we found that differences between wet and dry seasons and elevation above sea level explained nearly all of the observed variation in microbial diversity and community structure. While we can identify the presence of a chimpanzee based on the assemblage of bacteria, the dominant signal is that of environmental microbes. We found just four ectoparasitic arthropod specimens, none of which appears to be specialized on chimpanzees or their structures. These results suggest that the life to which chimpanzees are exposed while in their beds is predominately the same as that of the surrounding environment.
          </jats:p

Megan S. Thoemmes

Fiona A. Stewart

R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar

Matthew A. Bertone

David A.  Baltzegar

Russell J. Borski

Naomi Cohen

Kaitlin P. Coyle

Alexander K. Piel

Robert R. Dunn

Crossref

Ecology of sleeping: the microbial and arthropod associates of chimpanzee beds

The indoor environment created by the construction of homes and other buildings is often considered to be uniquely different from other environments. It is composed of organisms that are less diverse than those of the outdoors and strongly sourced by, or dependent upon, human bodies. Yet, no one has ever compared the composition of species found in contemporary human homes to that of other structures built by mammals, including those of non-human primates. Here we consider the microbes and arthropods found in chimpanzee beds, relative to the surrounding environment (n = 41 and 15 beds, respectively). Based on the study of human homes, we hypothesized that the microbes found in chimpanzee beds would be less diverse than those on nearby branches and leaves and that their beds would be primarily composed of body-associated organisms. However, we found that differences between wet and dry seasons and elevation above sea level explained nearly all of the observed variation in microbial diversity and community structure. While we can identify the presence of a chimpanzee based on the assemblage of bacteria, the dominant signal is that of environmental microbes. We found just four ectoparasitic arthropod specimens, none of which appears to be specialized on chimpanzees or their structures. These results suggest that the life to which chimpanzees are exposed while in their beds is predominately the same as that of the surrounding environment.SleepEcology_MappingFileData mapping file.SleepEcology_seqs.fastqRaw data file. Microbes were collected in relation to 41 chimpanzee beds located in the Issa Valley, western Tanzania, between August 2013 and April 2014. All samples were collected with dual-tipped sterile BBL Culture Swabs, and DNA was subsequently extracted with a MO BIO PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit. Extracted DNA was sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform, targeting the V1-V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene.SleepEcology_OTU_rar_V2Rarefied dataset used in analyses. Sequences were rarefied to 5600 reads per sample.SleepEcology_CodeWorkflow used to process raw data files in the UPARSE pipeline and analyze sequencing output within the R environment.Funding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001Award Number: 095339

Hernandez-Aguilar, R. Adriana

ZENODO

Data from: Ecology of sleeping: the microbial and arthropod associates of chimpanzee beds

The indoor environment created by the construction of homes and other buildings is often considered to be uniquely different from other environments. It is composed of organisms that are less diverse than those of the outdoors and strongly sourced by, or dependent upon, human bodies. Yet, no one has ever compared the composition of species found in contemporary human homes to that of other structures built by mammals, including those of non-human primates. Here we consider the microbes and arthropods found in chimpanzee beds, relative to the surrounding environment (n = 41 and 15 beds, respectively). Based on the study of human homes, we hypothesized that the microbes found in chimpanzee beds would be less diverse than those on nearby branches and leaves and that their beds would be primarily composed of body-associated organisms. However, we found that differences between wet and dry seasons and elevation above sea level explained nearly all of the observed variation in microbial diversity and community structure. While we can identify the presence of a chimpanzee based on the assemblage of bacteria, the dominant signal is that of environmental microbes. We found just four ectoparasitic arthropod specimens, none of which appears to be specialized on chimpanzees or their structures. These results suggest that the life to which chimpanzees are exposed while in their beds is predominately the same as that of the surrounding environment

Table S3. PERMANOVA results. from Ecology of sleeping: the microbial and arthropod associates of chimpanzee beds

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