Untuk meningkatkan ketahanan pangan dan diversifikasi pangan, Indonesia dapatmemanfaatkan lahan kering yang cukup luas jumlahnya. Jawawut (Pennisetumspp.) memiliki potensi yang sangat baik sebagai tanaman pangan alternatifditinjau dari aspek kandungan gizi, dan kemampuan tumbuhnya di daerahberiklim kering. Dilihat dari segi kandungan gizinya, jawawut berpotensi sebagaisumber energi, protein, kalsium, vitamin B1, riboflavin (vitamin B2), sedangkannutrisi lainnya setara dengan beras. Potensi hasil yang dapat dicapai di Indonesiaadalah 4 ton per ha pada kondisi agroekologi yang marginal, dimanapertumbuhan serealia lainnya kurang berhasil. Jawawut dipanen sebagai tanamanpangan semusim

Conner W. E.

Henze M. J.

Land M. F.

R Core Team

Warrant E. J.

Wyszecki G.

Miriam J. Henze

Olle Lind

Johanna Mappes

Bibiana Rojas

Almut Kelber

Crossref

Functional Ecology

An aposematic colour‐polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators – Sensitivity and colour discrimination in a tiger moth

Although predation is commonly thought to exert the strongest selective pressure on coloration in aposematic species, sexual selection may also influence coloration. Specifically, polymorphism in aposematic species cannot be explained by natural selection alone.
Males of the aposematic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) are polymorphic for hindwing coloration throughout most of their range. In Scandinavia, they display either white or yellow hindwings. Female hindwing coloration varies continuously from bright orange to red. Redder females and yellow males suffer least from bird predation.
White males often have higher mating success than yellow males. Therefore, we ask whether females can discriminate the two male morphs by colour. Males approach females by following pheromone plumes from a distance, but search visually at short range. This raises the questions whether males discriminate female coloration and, in turn, whether female coloration is also sexually selected.
Using electroretinograms, we found significantly larger retinal responses in male than female A. plantaginis, but similar spectral sensitivities in both sexes, with peaks in the UV (349 nm), blue (457 nm) and green (521 nm) wavelength range.
According to colour vision models, conspecifics can discriminate white and yellow males as separate morphs, but not orange and red females. For moths and birds (Cyanistes caeruleus), white males are more conspicuous against green and brown backgrounds, mostly due to UV reflectivity, and red females are slightly more conspicuous than orange females.
The costly red coloration among females is likely selected by predator pressure, not by conspecifics, whereas male colour polymorphism is probably maintained, at least partly, by the opposing forces of predation pressure favouring yellow males, and female preference for white males. Whether or not the preference for white males is based on visual cues requires further testing.
The evolution of polymorphic aposematic animals can be better understood when the visual system of the species and their predators is taken into consideration.peerReviewe

Henze, Miriam J.

Lind, Olle

Mappes, Johanna

Rojas Zuluaga, Bibiana

Kelber, Almut

Jyväskylä University Digital Archive

An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators : sensitivity and colour discrimination in a tiger moth

1. Although predation is commonly thought to exert the strongest selective pressure on colouration in aposematic species, sexual selection may also influence colouration. Specifically, polymorphism in aposematic species cannot be explained by natural selection alone. 2. Males of the aposematic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) are polymorphic for hindwing colouration throughout most of their range. In Scandinavia, they display either white or yellow hindwings. Female hindwing colouration varies continuously from bright orange to red. Redder females and yellow males suffer least from bird predation. 3. White males often have higher mating success than yellow males. Therefore, we ask whether females can discriminate the two male morphs by colour. Males approach females by following pheromone plumes from a distance, but search visually at short range. This raises the questions whether males discriminate female colouration and, in turn, whether female colouration is also sexually selected. 4. Using electroretinograms, we found significantly larger retinal responses in male than female A. plantaginis, but similar spectral sensitivities in both sexes, with peaks in the UV (349 nm), blue (457 nm), and green (521 nm) wavelength range. 5. According to colour vision models, conspecifics can discriminate white and yellow males as separate morphs, but not orange and red females.  For moths and birds (Cyanistes caeruleus), white males are more conspicuous against green and brown backgrounds, mostly due to UV reflectivity, and red females are slightly more conspicuous than orange females. 6. The costly red colouration among females is likely selected by predator pressure, not by conspecifics, whereas male colour polymorphism is probably maintained, at least partly, by a the opposing forces of predation pressure favouring yellow males, and female preference for white males. Whether or not the preference for white males is based on visual cues requires further testing. 7. The evolution of polymorphic aposematic animals can be better understood when the visual system of the species and their predators is taken into consideration

Henze, Miriam J

Rojas, Bibiana

Dryad Digital Repository (Duke University)

Data from: An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in a tiger moth

Although predation is commonly thought to exert the strongest selective pressure on coloration in aposematic species, sexual selection may also influence coloration. Specifically, polymorphism in aposematic species cannot be explained by natural selection alone. Males of the aposematic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) are polymorphic for hindwing coloration throughout most of their range. In Scandinavia, they display either white or yellow hindwings. Female hindwing coloration varies continuously from bright orange to red. Redder females and yellow males suffer least from bird predation. White males often have higher mating success than yellow males. Therefore, we ask whether females can discriminate the two male morphs by colour. Males approach females by following pheromone plumes from a distance, but search visually at short range. This raises the questions whether males discriminate female coloration and, in turn, whether female coloration is also sexually selected. Using electroretinograms, we found significantly larger retinal responses in male than female A. plantaginis, but similar spectral sensitivities in both sexes, with peaks in the UV (349 nm), blue (457 nm) and green (521 nm) wavelength range. According to colour vision models, conspecifics can discriminate white and yellow males as separate morphs, but not orange and red females. For moths and birds (Cyanistes caeruleus), white males are more conspicuous against green and brown backgrounds, mostly due to UV reflectivity, and red females are slightly more conspicuous than orange females. The costly red coloration among females is likely selected by predator pressure, not by conspecifics, whereas male colour polymorphism is probably maintained, at least partly, by the opposing forces of predation pressure favouring yellow males, and female preference for white males. Whether or not the preference for white males is based on visual cues requires further testing. The evolution of polymorphic aposematic animals can be better understood when the visual system of the species and their predators is taken into consideration. A plain language summary is available for this article

Lund University Publications

An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - Sensitivity and colour discrimination in a tiger moth

1. Although predation is commonly thought to exert the strongest selective pressure on colouration in aposematic species, sexual selection may also influence colouration. Specifically, polymorphism in aposematic species cannot be explained by natural selection alone. 2. Males of the aposematic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) are polymorphic for hindwing colouration throughout most of their range. In Scandinavia, they display either white or yellow hindwings. Female hindwing colouration varies continuously from bright orange to red. Redder females and yellow males suffer least from bird predation. 3. White males often have higher mating success than yellow males. Therefore, we ask whether females can discriminate the two male morphs by colour. Males approach females by following pheromone plumes from a distance, but search visually at short range. This raises the questions whether males discriminate female colouration and, in turn, whether female colouration is also sexually selected. 4. Using electroretinograms, we found significantly larger retinal responses in male than female A. plantaginis, but similar spectral sensitivities in both sexes, with peaks in the UV (349 nm), blue (457 nm), and green (521 nm) wavelength range. 5. According to colour vision models, conspecifics can discriminate white and yellow males as separate morphs, but not orange and red females.  For moths and birds (Cyanistes caeruleus), white males are more conspicuous against green and brown backgrounds, mostly due to UV reflectivity, and red females are slightly more conspicuous than orange females. 6. The costly red colouration among females is likely selected by predator pressure, not by conspecifics, whereas male colour polymorphism is probably maintained, at least partly, by a the opposing forces of predation pressure favouring yellow males, and female preference for white males. Whether or not the preference for white males is based on visual cues requires further testing. 7. The evolution of polymorphic aposematic animals can be better understood when the visual system of the species and their predators is taken into consideration.1_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinogramsSixteen Excel files with data related to figure 2 in Henze MJ, Lind O, Mappes J, Rojas B, Kelber A (2018) An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in the wood tiger moth. Functional Ecology.'1_DataRelatedToFig2_Female1_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx2_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms2_DataRelatedToFig2_Female2_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx3_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms3_DataRelatedToFig2_Female3_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx4_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms4_DataRelatedToFig2_Female4_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx5_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms5_DataRelatedToFig2_Female5_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx6_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms6_DataRelatedToFig2_Female6_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx7_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms7_DataRelatedToFig2_Male1_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx8_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms8_DataRelatedToFig2_Male2_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx9_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms9_DataRelatedToFig2_Male3_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx10_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms10_DataRelatedToFig2_Male4_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx11_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms11_DataRelatedToFig2_Male5_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx12_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms12_DataRelatedToFig2_Male6_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx13_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms13_DataRelatedToFig2_Male7_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx14_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms14_DataRelatedToFig2_Male8_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx15_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms15_DataRelatedToFig2_ResponseAmplitudeAgainstIntensityOfFlash_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx16_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms16_DataRelatedToFig2_ParametersOfNakaRushtonFunctions_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx17_DataRelatedToFig3_IndividualSpectralSensitivityCurves_ArctiaPlantaginis17 and 18: Two Excel files with data related to figure 3 and 5 in 'Henze MJ, Lind O, Mappes J, Rojas B, Kelber A (2018) An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in the wood tiger moth. Functional Ecology.'18_DataRelatedToFig5_WavelengthsOfMaximalSensitivity_StandardCurves_ArctiaPlantaginisSpectral sensitivity, illumination spectra, background spectra and reflectance spectra of wood tiger moth wing areas used for visual modellingOne excel file related to Figures 4, 6 and 7 in 'Henze MJ, Lind O, Mappes J, Rojas B, Kelber A (2018) An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in the wood tiger moth. Functional Ecology.'19_Data_used for models_Arctia_plantaginis.xls

ZENODO

1. Although predation is commonly thought to exert the strongest selective pressure on colouration in aposematic species, sexual selection may also influence colouration. Specifically, polymorphism in aposematic species cannot be explained by natural selection alone. 2. Males of the aposematic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) are polymorphic for hindwing colouration throughout most of their range. In Scandinavia, they display either white or yellow hindwings. Female hindwing colouration varies continuously from bright orange to red. Redder females and yellow males suffer least from bird predation. 3. White males often have higher mating success than yellow males. Therefore, we ask whether females can discriminate the two male morphs by colour. Males approach females by following pheromone plumes from a distance, but search visually at short range. This raises the questions whether males discriminate female colouration and, in turn, whether female colouration is also sexually selected. 4. Using electroretinograms, we found significantly larger retinal responses in male than female A. plantaginis, but similar spectral sensitivities in both sexes, with peaks in the UV (349 nm), blue (457 nm), and green (521 nm) wavelength range. 5. According to colour vision models, conspecifics can discriminate white and yellow males as separate morphs, but not orange and red females. For moths and birds (Cyanistes caeruleus), white males are more conspicuous against green and brown backgrounds, mostly due to UV reflectivity, and red females are slightly more conspicuous than orange females. 6. The costly red colouration among females is likely selected by predator pressure, not by conspecifics, whereas male colour polymorphism is probably maintained, at least partly, by a the opposing forces of predation pressure favouring yellow males, and female preference for white males. Whether or not the preference for white males is based on visual cues requires further testing. 7. The evolution of polymorphic aposematic animals can be better understood when the visual system of the species and their predators is taken into consideration

Electronic Archiving System

University of Queensland eSpace

An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in a tiger moth