The "talking cure" (Boring, 1957, p 709; Halmos, 1965, p 3),
"psychotherapy" and "counselling", as presently conceptualised in contemporary
Western society, evolved first from the nineteenth century medical concept of
diseases an affliction of the individual, requiring individual treatment.
The first significant deviation from this framework seemed to come in the
1930's when the talking cure for the "sick" individual was taken outside a
purely medical context through child guidance and related areas (e.g. Rogers,
1939). While parents were often involved in the child guidance programmes,
their involvement was seen as being ancillary to the basic "treatment" of
the disturbed onild and thus psychotherapy was maintained with an individual
focus. In the 1930's group psychotherapy emerged, but these early activities
also retained an individual focus (Slavson, 1940)1 group psychotherapy at
that stage could moat accurately be described as the treatment of a person
in a group - it is only since the work of the "group dynamics" movement gained
an acceptance in the psychotherapeutic field that the conceptual shift has been
made to see the treatment of all participants simultaneously by the group
(Back, 1972). In the 1950s family therapy emerged as a visible force, and this had
profound implications for the manner in which psychotherapeutic activity was
seen:
"… family therapy introduced major problems.
It was no longer clear who was sick and who
was well in the therapeutic setting, nor
indeed who was the patient. Further, the
participants were intimately related to each
other. This latter factor provided a challenge to traditional ideas of the one-to-one model, such as the development of transference, regression, lack of destructive feedback and
so forth". (Pattison, 1973, p )97