Figure S1. Confirming activation of human astrocytes. Astrocytes were cultured for 24 h and were either left unstimulated or were stimulated with IFNγ (10 ng/ml) and IL-1β (10 ng/ml). After 24 h, the astrocytes were washed thoroughly and fresh medium was added. After an additional 24 h in culture, at which time cultures were imaged and supernatants were collected for subsequent measurement of astrocyte-secreted IL-6 by ELISA. Compared to unstimulated astrocytes (a), stimulated astrocytes exhibited activated morphology (b) and significantly-enhanced production of IL-6 (c; p = 0.0016; paired t-test). (TIFF 3951 kb
