A 2.14M length overall (LOA) flat bottom canoe (punt), was designed and constructed using locally available materials. The features of the canoe are least cost material, light weight, shallow draft and easy maneuverability. The canoe's light displacement (weight empty) was 28kg, which was less.than local canoe of same size. When placed on water a draft of 5.5cm was achieved which is 14.8% of its depth (37cm). The capacity of the canoe was 200kg, and the total production cost of N8, 700.00 which was, not beyond, the reach of an average fisher folks, or any fish farmer. The canoe was easily maneuvered when propelled by paddling as it floated at a shallow draft; this makes the canoe adequate for use on shallow water bodies such as ponds and reservoirs. Such easily maneuvered craft can also be used on pond or reservoirs for recreation which include, sport fishing, canoein

Abubakar, S.

Adamu, R.

Musa, I.G.

Aquatic Commons

59
MATEIUALS AI\D MF.THODS
The design matenals required included: Drawing-board (half impenal), a HB pencil, a r square about
90mm long, one triangle of hard ruhher (set square), a pair of dividers WIth plain and pencil pomts,
several curve battens of various sizes. A good paper for working drawings, roll scales and metre rule.
Others mcluded lead weights. drawing pins, were also needed to fasten the paper to the board. Other
matenals used were eraser, razor blade and a calculator. The materials used for the construction of the
canoe include: Hard wood, plywood. fastening glue, wire nail and baSICcarpentry tools such as hand
saw, chisel, smooth planer, measuring tape, spirit level, try and bevel square were used for the
construct ion work. To obtain the design data, a free hand sketch of the canoe was drawn with a HB
pencil. putting in place all the required design lines and making all necessary adjustments. !\ metre
rule was used to measure the specifications of the free hand sketch. TIllS is in accordance WIth Love
(1979). The data obtained from the freehand sketch was then used to draw the canoe to scale (1: 15.3)_
'1 he design guidelines according to Chapelle (1956), were adopted to achieve the design. The canoe's
layout was drawn 011 a sheet of plywood maintaining the required sizes and shape of each part that
needed to be put together to make the complete canoe. This was achieved by using a long curve
batten to aid making of proper curved line with a HB pencil. First a line was drawn lengthwise m the
middle of the plywood sheet. Prom this centerline, measurements and marks of the bottom on one end
of the sheet was made according to the requirements. The Side curve was lofted 011 one side only, and
then the measurements were mark with small dots on the other Side. Then measured and marked the
transom Oil the other end of the sheet. The transom and bottom meet, there were no left over plywood
between them. Iron square was used to obtain the straight lines. The parts marked out on the plywood
INTRODlJCTION
The term boat refers to a wide vanety of water borne crafts. Canoe can be described as a light. narrow
boat, generally with identically shaped bow and stem and curved sides, and usually propelled by at
least one oar ur paddle. Ihe canoe was develop ..d by man)' early cultures throughout the world. It
varies in shape, Size, and construction, according to its place of origin. The oldest form of canoe was
probably a tree trunk hollowed out by tools or fire (Redmond, 2005). Flat bottum boats are the easiest
and cheapest to design and construct. they arc also best for use on calm or peaceful and shallov,
waters (Omorodion, 1983). Despite the fact that Oat bottom crafts arc not suitable for usc on iurbulcr.t
water bodies such as lar ge lakes like the Kamj i lake. local fishermen prefer It as they an: easy to buil.l
and cheaper. Fish farrrung m ponds and reservoirs, requires adequate management practices which
includes removal of unwanted floating objects, aeration of oxygen depleted ponds. collection of ware:
samples lor water quality assessments, feeding of experimental fish in net hapa etc. These acll\ 11.1."
could be achieved more effectively with the aid of a small craft that could be used on a shallow watc.
body. However, this work was prompted by the need for a craft that could make such activities easier
with the following objectives
Produce a cheap craft that could be used effectively on a shallow water body.
Enhance pond activities, thereby ensuring increased fish production through aquaculture.
Boost the utilization of ponds for recreational activities.
ABSTRACTJ
A 2.14M length overall (LOA) tlat bottom canoe {punt), was designed am) constructed using locally
available rnatenals. The leaturcs of the canoe are least cost material, light weight, shallow draft and
easy maneuverability. The canoe slight displacement (weight empty) was 28kg, which was less jhan
local canoe of same size. When placed on water a draft of 5.5cm was achieved which IS 14.8% of It~
depth (37crn). The capacity of the canoe was 200kg, and the total production cost of N8, 700.00
which was. not beyond, the reach of an average fisher folks, or any fish faJmer. '1he canoe was easily
maneuvered when propelled by paddling as it floated at a shallow draft; this makes the canoe
adequate for use on shallow water bodies such as ponds and reservoirs. Such easily maneuvered craft
can also be used on pond or reservoirs for recreation which include, sport fishing, canoemg
DESIGI\ Ai\"D CONSTRCCTION OF 2.14 M LOA (Ol\TR SHEET) FLATHOTTOM CAl'IOE
(PUNT) FOR POl\1) ACTIVITIES
ABlIBAKAR, S., :.\llJSA- I.G. & R. ADAMI!
Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, PMB 1500, New Bussa
The construction process utilized a sheet of ply wood leaving no leftovers, so the work achieved
maximum utilization of materials. The cost of construction was N8,700, which is affordable in
relation to the cost of local canoe of same size based on NIFfR. (2002). The canoe W<lS easily
maneuvered when propelled by paddling as it floated at a shallow draft, this makes the canoe adequate
for use on shallow water bodies such as ponds and reservoirs. Such easily maneuvered craft can also
be used on pond or reservoirs for recreation which include, sport fishing, canoeing.
Figure 2: Design layoutFigure 1: Design sketch
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RESULTS A)\1) DISClJSSION
The design sketch is shown in Figure 1. The layout design of the components on a sheet of ply \\000
1<; shown in Figure 2 Table I shows the design data obtained from the free hand sketch. Plate I shows
the marked components cutout from the layout on the plywood sheet. The steps followed III
consnucung the canoe are presented III plates I (C 4. lhe specifications of the canoe mdrcutcs that the
breadth overall (DOA) IS 0.75m which IS about 281)~of the length overall (LOA). \\ hilc the depth \'-'US
0.3701 about 50% of the BOA. These specihcauons are Within the range or design guidcluics by
Chapelle (11)56). The construction resulted to the production of a canoe that IS light (28 kg) in relation
to its size, such that one person can carry Without difficulty. The light weight gi vcs the canoe
increased dead weight, as it floats at a shallow draft leaving greater part of the canoe above the water
line as free board there by mcreasmg Its capacity to carry mure loads. The freeboard creates a large
volume for displacement, he nee increased capacity because the more the volume of water displaced
the more loads the craft IS capable of carrying.
DtSlpt 18)0111
include two side planking. one bottom planking and stem transom. The bow transom was not marked,
it was best to cut It out of a piece of plank for proper strengthening of the bow.
Jig saw was used to saw along the lolled side of the bottom. Then the side strip was flipped
over, onto the other side of the sheet, and the oiner edge of the bottom along the sawn edge of the
Side. The drawn curve was checked to confirm if it matches the measured points. The other edge of
the bottom and transom was then cut. The four pieces of plywood: the bottom. transom and two sulc
strips of rather nonspec ific shape were produced. The side strips were cut in two, 1400 mm from the
end where the transom came from. The pieces were swapped, and WIder ends of the strips were
connected using butt joints. To the bottom StrIP 50rnmX50nun.X) OOmm hard wood blocks were fixed
200cIl1 apart, then the side strips were stitched after glue was applied and small screws were used to
fasten the joints. The stern transom, bow transom. and quarter knees were then fixed at their posinons.
25m111thick hardwood was then prepared and fixed as seating platform (thwart). The gunwales were
made of 21 x 21 mm pine batten and fixed together \\ ith the quarter knees, Quarter knees in the stern
and bow were fitted with 30 rnrnholes which act as handles, can be used as fastening pornts tor ropes.
and (hey make the canoe look nice The light displacement (weight empty) was determined by direct
measurement of weight of the canoe after construction using a spring weighing balance. The capacity
of the canoe was determined by direct addition of weight to the canoe while floating on water until It
carried the maximum weight it could carry. The cost or the canoe was estimated based on the local
market cost of materials used for the construction in respect of their SI7es and specifications. The
canoe was conveyed from the college boat building workshop tu one of the college ponds (pond D)
for testing. It was gently placed on water then allowed to float empty, while being observed for
leakage, stability, and draft. The capacity was then tested for by allowing one person at (I time. until it
carried the maximum weight it could carry.
Plate 4: Complcn«] ';'lI1UI.: placed on waterPlate i: fixing of the other parts
Plate 2: Fixing the SIde strips It) the bottom stripPlate 1: Marked plywood sheet cut into piece
Table 1: Design data (em)
Design ordinates Sections
t 2 3 4 5 T
Keel/chine HNB 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0
Chine BID 1.7 2.2 2.3 2. t 1.7 1.4
Sheer AAIB 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5
Chine AIR 2.3 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.4 1.9
Table 2: Specifications ofthc canoe
Length overall (LOA) 2.14m
Breadth overall (BOA) 0.75m
Moulded depth 0.37m
Draft 5.5cm
Light displacement 2~L5kg
Displacement 22g.5
Deadweight (capacity) 200kg(3 prs)
Scale 1:15.3
'fable 3: Scantling sizes and cost
Material Size Qty Unit Amount~
Plywood 12mm 1 Sht 2,800.00
Hardwood 25X25mm 1 NQ 600.00
Hardwood 50X50mm 1 No 200.00
Screw 25mm 2 pkt 250.00
Wire nail Assorted 2 Lb 300.00
Glue lkg 1.5 Kg 400.00
Pruner paint 4lt 0.5 Lt 250.00
Gloss paint 4)t 1 Lt 900.00
Expected labour cost 3,000.00
REFERENCES
Chapelle, H.I (1956), Boat building ,a hand hook oj wooden Boat construction, Brdford and Dicken
publishers. Great Britain. pp.27-48, 235p.
Love G. (1979) The theory and practice of woodwork. Longman publishers .London, 4th ed. 156p.
National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (2002). National Survey of Fishing gears and
Crafts on Nigerian Inland Water Bodies. National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research
Occasional paper No: 4. 54p.
Ornorodion, S. O. (1983). Construction of 7.3m canoe. of Kainji lake Research Institute Annual
report 1983 PP 91 98
Redmond, W.A. (2005) Fluid Mechanics, Microsoft Corporation. Microsofiis; Encarta® 2006 renj.
The constructed punt, have light weight, least cost, ability to 110atat a shallow draft, adequate stability
and easy maneuverability as its attributes. These important qualities are adequate for a craft needed
for activities on shallow water bodies such as fish ponds. This canoe is recommended for use on fish
ponds. It IS also recommended that the technology be introduced to fishermen operating on calm
water hodies as a replacement of the locally built canoes, which does not posses the qualities of the
punt. It is recommended that same technology be used to construct larger canoes for use on bigger
water bodies, to replace those local canoes that arc characterized by short lifespan and low capacities.


Design and construction of 2.14 m. LOA (one sheet) flat bottom canoe (punt) for pond activities

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Design and construction of 2.14 m. LOA (one sheet) flat bottom canoe (punt) for pond activities

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