Adult Tilapia zillii, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis aureus and O. niloticus were obtained from National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research hatchery. They were oven dried at 60degreesC for 50hours. The dried samples were taken for amino acid analysis using Technichon TSM - I Ssequential Multisample Auto-Analyzer equipped with a pen recorder for drawing chromatograms. Statistical analysis of the amino acid composition showed significant difference (P < O.01) among species. The correlation coefficient showed very high correlation ramong the species and other sizes of 0. niloticus (0.712-0.933

Ovie, S.O.

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\IATERIAJS 0\1\'1) 'n~TIIO()S
\dult 0. uilottcus (O)Og).. ~. gClh/,Il'!lS 1300g). 0 aureus (320gl and f zilliii (120g) were obtained
from National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research hatcher). I hey were oven dried at (l()"(' I()I'
50 hrs, allowed lO cool and wrapped in polythenc bags. I he Technicon TSM-l Scqucnual
Multisample analyzer (model DNA 0209) was used 111 the hydrolysis of the samples, Each sample was
separately defatted by inserting 109 of the sample into an extraction thimhle and extracting the Iat
with a 2: 1 chloroform/methanol mixture using a Soxlct extraction apparatus (A01\C L980). Extraction
was done in tri plicates. Extraction lasted 15 hours. Defatted samples were weighed into glass
ampoules and 7 ml of 6N IICL was added. Oxygen was expelled by introducing nitrogen into the
ampoule to prevent oxidation of amino acids during hydrolysis. The glass ampoule was. sealed with
burnsen burner flame and put into an oven preset at 1051-50C for 21 hours. The ampoule was allowed
to cool before being broken open at the trp and the contents were filtered. The lilt rate was evaporated
to dryness to at 400C in a vacuum 111 a rotatory evaporator. The residue was dissolved with 5ml of
acetate buffer (pH 2.0) and stored in plastic specimen bottles in a freezer. 10 ml was poadcd and
dispensed into the catridge of a TSM analyzer (Techmcon Sequential Mullisamplc Amino Acid
Analyzer) that separated free acidic, neutral and basic amino acids or the hydrolysate into
chromatograms III 76 minutes. At each peak produced by the TSM chart record ( each peak represents
an ammo add). (he half heigh! was measured. Fhe area of the peak was approximated by multiplying
the height of' the peak by the Width at half height The norlcucmc equivalent (NI.:,) for each <11111110
acid wax calculated using the Iormular \II' area "'·1.111 leucine peak; area of each amino acid. J\
constant tS) was calculated for each ammo acid 111 the standard mixture according 10 the formula: S
NE X mol. Wt x UMAA. Finally. the amount of each ammo acid in the sample was calculated in g/16
g N or g/100g protein using the following formula: concentration (gIl 00 g prntcm) ~E x width al
1 NE x S x C, where C = diluLionlNH x W (nieu). Statistical analysis was carried out by using the
computer package SPSS version 10 to correlate bivariatcs or samples
!]\"TRODUCTION
Oreochroniis niloticus, S. galillaeus . 0. aureus and T .:iIIii are commonly and widely cultured ulapia
species in Nigeria. The knowledge of ammo acid profile of these tilapias is useful in Iormulanng feed
for their maximum growth performance and protem deposition. Amino acids an: building blocks of
protem. They make up about 16% of the carcass of whole fish. According LO Miles and Chapman
(2007). the Ideal protein In fish teed IS that which provides the exact balance of amino acids needed
for optimum performance and maximum growth. :\111...:::. and Chapman (2007) also stated that fish do
nul have a specific protein requirement but rather a definite requirement for amino acids thai the lise
of such diet reduces the amino acids used tor energy, therefore, the feed IS efficiently utilized for
maintenance. health and synthesis of new structural protem. Earlier studies on the lysine requirement
for 0. niloucus showed thai fry and fingerhngs require 7.30g and 7.14g lysineilOOg protein (Ovic, III
press); 0. mossambicus 4.1g (NRC 1<)93) and 0. niloticus 5.1g (NRC 1993). Other studies showed
that there is a close correlation between essential amino acid of fish and essential ammo acid profile
01" whole body tissue of the fish (Rumey and Ketola 1975; Mal. I<JH1;Wilson and Poe 1985; Wilson
and Cowey 1985; Cowey and Tacon, 1987. Wilson and Moreau 1996). This study was carried out to
ascertain the ammo acid composition of lour tilapias, fonmng a framework on which further -tudics
011 amino acid requirement- nfihcsc SPCl:ICS would be built upon.
ABSTRAcr..l
Adult Tilapia zilliii. Sarotherodon galilaeus, Orcochromis aureus and 0. niloticus were obtained
from Nanonal Institute for Freshwater Fishencs Research hatchery. They were oven dried at 60"C for
50hours. The dried samples were taken for amino acid analysis using Technichon rSM - ISsequcnual
Multisarnplc Auto-Analyzer equipped with a pen recorder tor drawing chromatograms. Statistical
analysis of the amino acid composition showed significant difference (P<O.O I) among species. The
correlation coefficient showed very high correlation rarnong the species and other sizes or o. niloticus
(0.712-0.933 )
S.O.OV11<;
National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, 1':e\\ BIIl.~a
AM L"IO ACID rosn-osrrtox OF FOlJR TlLAPIAS
In.l'i'ERE~CES
AOAe (: <)1)3) Off icia. Methods of Analysis (ll ;1:('AOAC, 1611 ecn, Assoc. Official All. Chemists.
Washmgton DC'.
1\1'<11 5.(1981 t. A purified test diet for Coho salmon, Oncorhvnclius kisntch, fry. 8,,11. JPJI. )'(I( Sci.
Fish. ~- "..P-5"1)
Eyo kA., ( I\)I.}I.}). Amino acid rurnpnsrtion of \\ nole ca.Iish body rssues of Clarias liugllifl,/ri.\ and
Hetcrohrauchus ",.Ilgijili\. Pp.Y5-97.ln : Proc. Biotechuol. Soc. 95-97
Among the csscnual amino acids lyvine had the highest component of the various species except for
f'mgedll1g" 01 0. uiloucus \\ hicn had eucine as highest P't: 1I01l- cssenual ammo acids hax gluianuc
acid as the highest. Mcthiorune was the least in ql..mlll) It)1the essential amino acid \\ hile cysune was
the least for NEAA Miles and Chapman (2007) reported that fish feed containing the exact amount of
essential amino acids required by the species especially for deposition of lean body tissue. there
would be no amino acid deficiency of excess. The essence of this study for Tilapia species IS lor teed
processors to formulate diets to meet the exact needs for these species, This would go a long way to
reduce the operational cost and reduce the amount of nitrogen released by the fish as ammonia (Miles
and Chapman 2007).
Table I: Amino Acid Composition of tilapias (glh)Og Protein)
-Adult U. S. galillaeus 0- aureus T. zilliii Fingerlings 0. uiloticus
uiloticus () IIiIof irus (J)ulnkl!!.~q_j., 2007)-----r ysinc 7.51 ~ 11 7 XX X"'" 5 ~o ().:q._'
1I1,>II<iil1l: 2 ..)1) 2 )9 i.: I 2 .... ' ., "4 I.))
Arguune 6.0·' 5.1l-l S.18 6.21 s.o I "'.36
Aspartic acid 8.19 9.49 9.68 968 7.X5
Threonine 4.03 4.5R 4.36 458 3.23 3.25
Serine 4.01 4.18 3.47 4.34 3.66
Glutamic acid 13.63 13.93 13.18 14.09 10.23
Proline 4.45 4.27 4.6~ 4.60 387
Glycine 7.25 7.50 7.40 7.54 4.13
Alarnne 6.46 4.41 6.38 6.46 4.48
Cystine 0.71 0.75 0.79 O.XO 0.79
Valine 4.HO 4.74 4.68 4.91 4.10 3.50
Methionine 2.40 2.50 2.42 2.55 2.1 C) 2.18
lsoleucme 3.99 3.93 4.00 4.12 3.49 3.22
Leucine 7.05 7.10 6.94 7.32 6.25 5.89
1yrosine 2.86 3.17 2.85 3.17 3.18 2.65
Phcnvlalaninc 3.77 4.11 3.94 4.28 3.51 3.32
RF.SIJL TS AND DISCUSS)O~
1able 1 show s the ammo acid composiuon or ulapias and previous analysis done for a. niloticus
fingerlings (Dainki ('I al .. 200'). Nine cssenual amino acids \\'l'r~' available as In previous studies
conducted on amino acids 0" three species m northern Nigeua (Sadiku and Oladrrncji 11)89);
lteterobranchus lougtfilis ((), ie and Ovie 2007): H lougifili» and C. anguillarts (Eyo 1999).
Methionine was the lowest In proportion to other amino acids in all four tilapias, This is similar to the
findings of Sadiku and Oladimeji (1989), Eyo (1999) and Ovie and Ovic (2007). Glutamic acid was
highest in proportion to other non - essential ammo in the four rilapias. This is similar to other studies
ot' this nature for Coho salmon (Arai. 1981); Cherry salmon (Ogata et al.. 1983): Atlantic salmon
(Wilson and Cowey 1985): Channel catfish (Wilson and Poe 1985): three species of nun hem Nigena
(Sadiku and Oladimeji 1989): H longifilis and C. anguillaris (Eyo, 1999): 11. longifilis fry, fingerlings
and broodstock (Ovic and O"Ie 2007). However. the quantity of glutamic acid in the ulapias IS lower
than that available 111 the fry and fingerlings of H. longifilis (Ovie and 0\ i~ 2007; Lyo 1999): Coho
salmon (Ami, 1981); Cherry salmon (Ogata et al., 1983): Atlantic salmon tWilson and Cowcy 1985);
Channel catfish (Wilson and Poe 1(85).
32
Ogata I.. Arai S. and T. ~ose.(19R3). Growth response of cherry salmon Uucorrhynchus mason and
amago salmon 0. rhodutus fry fed purified casein diets supplemented with amino acids. Hull.
Jpn. Soc. Fish., 49: 1381 - 1385.
Ogbeibu, A.F.. (2005). Biostatistics- A practical approach to research and data handling pp.73-75.
Ovie S.O. and Ovie. S.T. Ovic (2007). Amino acid composition of fry. fingerlings and broodstock H.
longifilis.The Israeli Journal ofAquaculture - Bamidgeh 59 (2) 117-120
Miles Richard D. and Frank A. Chapman (2007) The concept of Ideal protein m formulation of
aquaculture feeds. hup:!iedis.ifas.ufl.edu/F 1\.144
Rumsey, G. L. and Ketola, H. G. (1975). Amino acid supplementation of casein diets of Atlantic;
Saolmon (Sa/J1I() salar) fry and soyabcan meal for rainbow trout iSabno gaulnerivJ Fi"h Ne\·.
Board Can. 32:422 .Q()
Sadiku S. O. E.and A. A. Oladimej i( 1998). Ammo acid composition of some freshwater fish obtained
from laria dam Nigcna. Biosci. Res. Communications I(2):R1-86
Wilson. R. P. and Cowey C. B. (1985). Amino acid composition of whole hod)' tissue of Rainbow
trout and Atlantic Salmon. Aquaculture 48,37~-376
Wilson, R. P. and Poe W. E. (1985). Relationship of whole body and egg essential amino acid patterns
to amino acid requirement pattern 111 channel catfish iIctalurus punctatusi Comp Biochcm
physiol.. 80B:385-388
Wilson Robert P. and Yann Moreau (1996) Nutrient requirements of catfishes (Siluroidei). Aquat.
Living Resout., 9: 103-1 I 1


Amino acid composition of four tilapias

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Amino acid composition of four tilapias

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