Quantile–quantile (Q-Q) plots of estimated −log₁₀(P).

Abstract

<p>Q−Q plots were displayed in four marker-trait association analysis using three models: a Q method, b k method, c Q+k method. The black line is the expected line under the null distribution. Red symbol represents the observed P values for LRG, yellow for TRG, blue for RLRG and green for RTRG.</p