Rationalization of the Solvation Effects on the AtO⁺ Ground-State Change

Abstract

²¹¹At radionuclide is of considerable interest as a radiotherapeutic agent for targeted alpha therapy in nuclear medicine, but major obstacles remain because the basic chemistry of astatine (At) is not well understood. The AtO⁺ cationic form might be currently used for ²¹¹At-labeling protocols in aqueous solution and has proved to readily react with inorganic/organic ligands. But AtO⁺ reactivity must be hindered at first glance by spin restriction quantum rules: the ground state of the free cation has a dominant triplet character. Investigating AtO⁺ clustered with an increasing number of water molecules and using various flavors of relativistic quantum methods, we found that AtO⁺ adopts in solution a Kramers restricted closed-shell configuration resembling a scalar-relativistic singlet. The ground-state change was traced back to strong interactions, namely, attractive electrostatic interactions and charge transfer, with water molecules of the first solvation shell that lift up the degeneracy of the frontier π* molecular orbitals (MOs). This peculiarity brings an alternative explanation to the highly variable reproducibility reported for some astatine reactions: depending on the production protocols (with distillation in gas-phase or “wet chemistry” extraction), ²¹¹At may or may not readily react