The study was conducted to assess the feeds and feeding techniques adopted in fish farming in the six extension blocks of Ijebu-Ode zone of the Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme, South Western Nigeria. The areas covered are Ala, Ago-Iwoye, Isonyin, Ijebu-Igbo, Ijebu-Ife and Ibi-Ade. Primary data were obtained from ninety fish farmers with well structed interview guides while combination of purposive and convenience sampling procedure was used in selecting the fish farmers. The result obtained showed that majority (34%) of the respondent fell within the economic active age distribution of 40-49 years, male (87%) married (90%:Christian 73.3%), tertiary education (47.7%), farming experience (54.4%), membership of cooperative society (63.3%),household size of above five (55.6%), annual income of above N51,000 (94.4%) and 34.4% of the respondents sourced their finance from personal saving. Most of the fish farmers adopted use of concrete tanks, intensive and semi-intensive culture system, culture Clarias and Heterobranchus species, produced about two tons per culture circle of six months. Majority (61.1%) of the respondents combine use of supplementary feed because of readily available desired feed.Recommendations are availability of credit and subsidies facilities, accessibility feed supplies, farmers’ cooperative, enabling government policies and farmers training and extension service provision

Adekoya, M.A.

Akintayo, I.A.

Komolafe, O.A.

Olaoye, O.J.

Aquatic Commons

16
In trod UCtiOD
As aquaculture production is increasing,
intensive feeding of the fish has become a
very important issue. Fish and shrimp require
food to supply the energy that they need for
movement and aIIthe other activities in which
they engagt:, and the 'building blocks' for
growth (FAO, 1999): Since fish live in water,
they tend to be more efficient users of food
than other farm animals. In order to make use
of this advantage feeding ol'fish tends to have
oyer that of feeding other farm animals to
optimize profit, fish culturisr mus tfeed
Abstract
The study was conducted to assess the feeds and feeding techniques adopted in fish farming in
the six extension blocks of ljebu-Ode zone of the Ogun State Agricultural Development
Programme, South Western Nigeria namely: Ala, Ago-Iwoye, Isonyin, Ijebu-Igbo, ljebu-Ife and
Ibi-Ade. Primary data were obtained from ninety fish farmers with well structed interview
guides while combinaiton of prouposive and convience sampling procedure was used in
selecting the fish farmers. The result obtained showed that majority (34%) of the respondents
fell within the economic active age distribution of 40-49 years, male (87%) married (90%),
Christian 73.3%), tertiary education (47.7%), farming experience (54.4%), membership of
cooperative society (63.3%),household size of above five (55.6%), annual income of above
N51,000 (94.4%) and 34.4% of the respondents sourced their finance from personal saving.
Most of the fish farmers adopted use of concrete tanks, intensive and semi-intensive culture
system, culture Clarias and IIeterobrachus species, produced about two tons per culture circle of
six months. Majority (61.1%) of the respondents combine use of supplementary feed because it
was readily available of desired feed. Lastly, recommendations are; availability of credit and
subsidies facilities, accessible feed supplies, farmers' cooperatives, enabling government
policies and fanners training and extension services provision.
Key words: Feed Feeding techniques, Adoption, Cultured fisheries
Olaoye, 0.J.1;; I.A. Akintayo'; M.A. Adekoya' and O.A. Komolafe~
Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre 1
University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Nigerian Tnstitutre for Oceanography and Marine Research2
Victoria Inland, Lagos State, Nigeria
habaiola@xahoo.curn
Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology3
University of Agiculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Munawarm 11@yaboo.com
Department of Aquaculutre and Fisheries Management 4
University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta.Ogun State, Nigeria
ASSESS1\IlENT OF FEEDS AND FEEDING TECHNIQUES ADOPTION IN lJEBU
ODE ZONE OF OGUN STATE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME,
NIGERIA
anutrionally complete feed in produdent
manner to avoid wastage (Eyo, 2003) While
developing revolutionay feds that ischeap,
available, meet nutritional requirement offish
and aid growth' within the shortest period
(Omotayo et al 2006). The feeding practice
adopted must also seek to minimize the
tendency for loss o f materials fur growth and
productivity. The feeding regime must be that
which wou Id increase protiabil ity and
productivity without necessarily deterioation
of water body (Jarnu and Ayinla. 2003). Thi
paper seek to access the socio economic
17
figure 2. Olslribullanof resooooebs Manlol status
Marital status: Figure 2 shows that 90% of
the fish fanners were married, 8% were single
1% were either divorced or widow. This
implies that most fanner are married limiting
migration and enhances labour forces. Fish
farming services are source oflivelihood
Figure 1, SexDistributionof Respondents
ttl ' ..., Ill. I.hl'~ 'I • IC ..."\,. 1\1'..
., ~"H.1..
, U\I;lk
-..~- ..--.~~.
Sex distribution: 87% of the respondents are
male while the remaining 13% were female
(Figure 1) More male farmers are involved
may be because the venture are strenuous.
Source: Field survey.2007
6.00
21.00
34.00
27.00
8.00
4.00
100
25
19
31
24
7
4
90
2()'29
3()'39
4()'49
S()'59
6()'69
70 above
Total
PercentageFrequencey
Result and discussion
Socio-Economic Characteristics
Age distribution: Table I shows the age
distribution pattern of the respondents, 34.0%
of the respondents were btween 40-49 years,
27.0% wre in the age range of30-39, 8% were
in the range of 60-69 years, 6% were within
the range of20-29% while 4% were above 70
years of age. This implies that since age
reflects in the physical strength for farm work,
hence a labour intensive practice such as this
reqires fish farmers who are still physically
active.
with interview guides probe int? socio-
economic variables, adopted feeding
techniques and contraints facing farmers in
feeding cultured fish. Data were analysed
using descriptive statistics wueh 8Sfrequency,
mean, bar chats, percentages and pie charts as
well as inferetial stattics Iiek ch i square.
Age .
Table 1 Distributionof resoorents's age
Methodology
The study was conducted in Ijebu-ode zone of
Ogun State Agricultural Development
Programme (OGADEP) that has additional
operational zones at Ikene, 11aro and
Abeokuta, located in South-western Nigeria.
Ije-Ode zone has six agricultural extension
blocks, which consit of Ala, Ago-Iwoye,
Ijebu-Igbo, lsoin, Ibi-Ade 811dIjebu-Ife with
Agro-service centre at Ijebu-Ode, Odogbolu
and Ijebu North East (OGADEP, 2007). A
combination of purposive and convenience
sampling procedure were used in selecting
ninety respondents form the list of fifh
farmers by OGADEP. The intervew done
profile of fish farmers in the study area,
identify the constraint farmers face in feeding
cultured fish, determine the feeding
techniques adopted and describe the fish
production vairables of farmers in the study
area.
Types offish cultured
Based on the type of fish culture 61.11%
cultured Clarias or Hetcrobranchus fish
species 24.44% cultured tilapia and Clarias or
Heterobranchus, 5.56% cultured tilapia and
9~ 44
100
:,1.000 ar.d above
Tot~
TabI~.$:D"1rib.tio. ofnspondnts ullul wo .. e
A.nuaIUtl'OlftfN fl"equency Pef'('."ta;r
11,OO,).30.00U 2 222
.) 1.(1(1.1 ·10.000 I 11
..11.001) :·O.OOU 2 :1 22
Table 4: Distribution of respondents
annual. income .
Annual income: Table shows that 94.44% of
the farmers had an annual income of above
N50,000, 2.2% had between N41,000 -
N50,000 and N21,OOO,OOO-N30,OOOwhile
1.11% had between N31,000-N40,000.
Higher income generated leads to more
business expansion.
l·l'·l<"·'~1JtlL~~; r~pc 91 P..n:.! En.:tll'>Uf(
EJ:tht1lC~1l·.1(1~Fib,.; ::adll'lll'lI,r~l~
Pond IJr~ Tln~ & ,\ 1'1-1.:
u
60
Types of pond enclosure: Figure 3 shows that
55-56% of the farmers adopted the use of
concrete tanks, 26.68% earthen and concrete
tanks, 14.44% earthen pond, 2.22% made
used of fibre tanks whi Ie I. II% made used of
both concrete and fiber tanks. This implies
that there are convenience of culture in fish
tanks that were now more prominent features
of urban on peri-urban fish farming and
greater survival records under culture
(OGADEP,2007)
Source: Field survey, 2007
54.44
35.56
5.56
2.22
2.22
100
1-5 years 49
&-10 years 32
11-15 years 5
1&20 years 2
Above 20 2
Total 90
Parentage
1 1 .1 1
1 1 .1 1
28.89
47.78
100
Percentage
Table 3: Fishfarming experience
Businessexperience Frequency
No Formal Education 10
Primaryeducation 10
seconos education 26
Tertiaryeducation 43
Total 90
Source: Field Survey,2007
Table 2: Distributionof resoorxres by Education status
Level of education Frequency
Fish farming experience
Table 3 shows that 54.44% of the respondents
had 1-5 years of experience, 35,56% had 6-10
years, 4.56 had 11-15 years and 2.33% had
both 16-20 years and above 20 years. This
implies that acquaculture is new in Nigerian
compared to artisanal (Williams, 1995).
Educational status: Table 2 revealed that
47.78% of the farmers had tertiary education,
28.89% had secondary education, 11.11% had
both primary education and no formal
education while 1.1% did not specify.
Education is a factor to shaping the perception
of farmers and isolated variable related to
adoption of improved innovation (Maduku,
1995).
19
Over6.0mm 6555
2.()'30mm
4.().50mm L13.44
26.7
22.22
8.88
42.2
34.44
44.44
21.11
44.44
15.56
40
Pelletsize
Selow1.OUrY'
3()'35% 27.78
4().45 22.22
Over45% 33.33
Below30% 16.67
Unspecified
Poteincontent %
Fourtimes daily 82.22
Unspecified
Feeding
frequency
Once daily 3.33
Twicedaily 2.22
Tricedaily 12.22
25.56
\
20.00
8.99
45.56
5%
3-5%
10.00 1.11
2.22 13.33
68.89 71.11
18.89 14.44
4.4 5.56
8.09 80.00
76.67 10.00
10.00 4.44
16.67 16.67
16.67 44.44
27.78 11.1
38.86 16.67
100
53.33
44.44
3%
3.33
5.56
CHVanimal care -
locally
compunal:e
animal care %
body weight
13.33CHVcoppes
82.22
15.56
care
Coopes/cvonco 18.89
CHI/loolly
cornoouocs
22.22Coppes/anlmal
4.44Artemia
81.117.78Locally
Compoun«ie
13.33
5.56
6.67
37.78
68.89Coppes
CHI
Cyprico
4.44
10.00
Non
conventionol eg
maggot
Animal care
Table 5: Specific Feed used and Feed techniques adopted for various stages of fish
Feed type Fingerlings Jveniles Tables size Brood stock
% % % %
-18.89
Feed used and Feed techniques adopted for
various stages offish cultured: Table 5,
Reveals the various feed used techniques for
differntt stages of fish cultured in the study
area. The implication of this was that
extruded or floating pelllet are the easiest to
feed in order to meet this feeding criteria
because feedintg techniques ae afected by fish
species and size, the time of the year and type
of production system.
Clarias or Hcterobrancus and Hetrotis while
4.44% culture, tilapia only, another 4.4%
cultured Clarias and Tilapia fish species. This
implies that catfish seeds are readily available
and accessible to the farmers in the study
areas.
Feed used and feed techniques adopted for
various stages of fish cultured: Tahle 5,
reveals the various feed used and feeding
techniques accepted for different stages of
fish cultured int he study area.
20
a e ahon Ip etween soc o-econorruc pro e e ng iques
Variable X2 calculated DF P Value Decision
Age 66.40 33 0000 S
Sex 5040 1 0.000 C"0.)
rvtan tal status 203. '6l 3 0000 S
Household size 74.24 11 0.000 S
Educational status 61.44 4 0000 S
Mode of fish farmng 10.00 I 0000 S
Other occupation 5840 7 0.000 S
Feeding method 9 27 2 0.000 S
adopted 2856 5 0000 S
Growth enhancement 140 3j (1000 S
F eeding probl ems 14394 [l OO'J S
Soluion to . feeding I
..
problems
fil and fe di techni
economic characteristics of the fish farmer
and their feeding techniques had significant
relationship.
s.hi bT bl 8 Rel
Relationshipbetween socio-economic profile
and feeding techniques: Table8 Indicates that
the result of chi-square analysis of socio
T alit 7: Distribution of respondents by feeding constlaint
Constlaint Frequency Percentage (%)
Lack ofcapiW\ 69 76.67
Non-availability of desired feeds 5 5.56
Both consttains 8 8.86
Other constraints 8 8.89
T ota! 90 100
while non-availability of desired feeds was
5.56percent
47.78
30.00
100
100
Perceraa
Feeding constant encountered: Table 7
reveals that, 76,67% of the fish farmers
attributed lack of capital as major constraint
P oint. feeding 43
Broadcast method 27
Both m ethods 20
Total 90
broadcasting methods while 22.22%
combined the twomethodsof feeding
Feeding method adopted: Table 6 shows that
47.78% of the respondents made used of poin t
or feeding technique, 30% adopted
21
Falayi, B. A. (2003}: Techniques in Fish Feed
Manufacture. In: National Workshop
on Fish Feed development and
Feeding practices in Aquaculture.
Organised by Fisheries Society of
Nigeria, National Institute for
Freshwater Fisheries Research and
FAO National Special Progamme for
. Food Security. Pp43-55
FAO, (1999): The State of Word Fisheries
and Aquaculture, in 1998, FAO of the
United Nations, Rome. 112pp
Jamu, D.M. and Ayinla, O.A. (2003):
Potential for the development of
aquaculture in Africa, NAGA,World
Fish Centre, Quarterly, Vol. 26, No 3,
July-Sept. Pp9-13
Omotayo,M.A.; Akegbejo-Samsons, Y and
Olaoye, OJ. (2006): Fish Production,
Preservaton, Processing and storage.
Training manual for fish faremers in
Epe, Lagos state. Published by
Agricultural Media Resources and
Extension Centre, University of
Agriculture, Abeokuta, and BATN
foundation, Lagos. 46pp
OGADEP, (2007): Annual Report of the
Fisheries Unit of Ogun State
Agricultural Programme,
Abeokuta.7pp
References
Ayanda, J.O (2003): Feeding practices and
Management of fish in farming
systems. In: National Workshop on
Fish Feed development and Feeding
practices in Aquaculture. Organised
by fisheries Society of Nigeria,
National Institute for Freshwater
Research and FAO National Special
Progannme for Food Security. Pp 99-
104
Eyo. A.A. (2003) Fundamentals of fish
Nutrition and diet Development-An
overview in Eyo, A. A. (ed)
proceeding of the National Workshop
on Fish Feed Development and
Feeding Practices in Aquaculture.
FISONINIFFRIIFAO-NSPFS Pp 1-33
Conclusion and recommendation
Fish farming seemed to be popular and
attractive venture int he study area by the fish
farmers. Itwas clear that lack ofunifonnity in
the level of knowledge and business
experience had created a wide variation as
well as profitability. [The fanners adopted
both spot and broadcasting feeding
techniques. The major problems facing them
are inadequate capital and non availability of
desired feeds. Lastly, recommendations are:
availability of credit and subsidies facilities,
accessible feed supplies, farmer's
cooperatives, enabling government policies
and fanners training and extension services
provision


Assessment of feeds and feeding techniques adoption in Ijebu Ode zone of Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme, Nigeria

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Assessment of feeds and feeding techniques adoption in Ijebu Ode zone of Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme, Nigeria

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