Oreochromis niloticus of mean weight 45.96~c0.06g were fed seven practical diets ranging from 8.77 to 33.77% carbohydrate in 56 days. Mean weight gain were not significantly different (P>0.05) while mean daily gain and specific growth rate varied significantly (P<0.05). The protein efficiency ratio did not follow any trend with the percentage protein fed. It was highest with fish fed 46.3% and lowest with fish fed 51.2%. There was no significant variation in the food conversion ratio. The results indicated that O. niloticus utilized 25.28% carbohydrate optimally among the diets fed. The requirement of the fish for carbohydrate in diet is 30%

Omorodion, F.M.

Ovie, S.O.

Aquatic Commons

30R
RESULTS
Iable 2 5hO\\" the mean dally gain (MDG). There W<lS no significant variation (P>O 1)5) in t II: rI,11\\'. ~I WG.
FeR,PCR and PS. There was significant difference (1-'<0.05) in [he MD(i and S(iR The fsh fed 2528%,
carboliydrate had the best gro» th \\ hilt: the poorest growth \\ as recorded \\ uh fish fed 13.28% carbohydrate.
Ihe percentage sun 1\ al for the: tish ranged from 81.34 100%. lisl: led diet I was had the highest surviva I
rate v..hile those fed diets III and IV had the least Figure I shows diet V had the best growth while diet III the
ooorcst. r ish fed diet III and VII showed negative growth i11 the first and second week respectiv ely. During
thethird week there was a drop in the growth offish Fed diets V and \1[. In the fifth and sixth week the fish fed
diet II, also displayed a gradual fall in growth. On the seventh week. the fish fed diet ll showed a drop.
Table :) shows the weekly ranges of physico-chemical watc} parameters monitored throughout the
experi meru,
MATERL.<\LS AKD \lETHOI)S
.1. niloticus of mean weigh. 45.961. 0 ()(l~ w c rc ~'lIpl)lit:d from Federal College of Freshwater l isherics
Technology '\Jt!\\ Bussa fish farm and accl Imuuved 1(.)1'24 hours w irhout feeding. The fish were stocked ill
21plastic trough or 20litr~s capacity and were kd 111 triplicates at the rate of 15 fish per trough. F' sh were led
at~%body weight \\ ith !)c\ en daily dietary carbohydrate levels ol: diet I (8.77%). diet II (11.76%). diet ll l
(13.2R%), diet I \ (1931"'0). diet V (25.28%) diet VI (29.33), diet VI[ (33.77%) as Iormulatcd and analysed
by AOAC (1990 J. F ilter ed and fullv aerated \\ ater lrorn impounded water from reservoir was used for the
experiment. The composition and the proximate analysis ofrest diets are presented in Table I.Sampling of
experimental fish was carried out \\( ..ckly by bulk weighing using digital analytical balance ( Ohaus L '"
2000).Water W..I~ partially renewed da dy throughout the cxperimenta Iperiod. Water quality parameters were
eeterm ined according to standard methods as recorded ill A PllA (19XO). Statistical analysis of \ a riancc and
l.cust Sign Ificunt d I trerencc \\Ci'I..·lI,cJ for all comparison ofgrow til parameters.
INTRODUCTION
Carbuhydrate is very vital in fish nutrition as they provide energy and have protein -sparing action in dictv.
~('cording to Cho et (1/ () ')85) provision of all optimal balance ol'cnergy (Lipid and carbohydrate) may result
IIllowering the grow III rate. If the diet is dcfic icnt ill I1nl1 protein energy, protein will be used for energetic
purposes (basal and vqluntary activity) Iather than tor protein synthesis. Similarly. if the diet contains an
excessof non protein energy, appetite or demand may be satisfied before a sufficient quantity of protein (and
possibly other nutrients is injected to satisfy demand for maximal rates of protein synthesis and growth.
Carbohydrate uti.ization offish (Furuichi and Yone, 1981; Jauncey, 1982: l'RC, 1983: L fodike and Matty,
1~83;Anderson t 11I1. 1984: Wilson. 19R7: Shinu. 1997; Adiku, 19')2; Shiau and Liang 1995: Shiau et al,
1999;Saha and Ray 2001) is well documented. I he aim of this study was lO determine the optimal dietary
utilization of carbo h) drare by O. nilottc u-. lhiI'~ :-,·".kd levels of'dietary protein.
.\BSTf{ACT I
Oreocliromis niloticus of mean weight4 5 .96± 0 .06g were fed seven practical diets ranging from R.77
10~~.77%carbohydrate in 56 days. Mean weight gnin were not signi Iicantly di lferent (P>O.05) whi Ie mean
lallygain and specific grov..rh rate varied significantly (P<.().05).The protein efficiency ratio did not follow
,In\ trend with the percentage protein fed. It was highest with fish led 46.3% and lowest with fish fed 51.2%.
here \\:1S no signi ficant variation in the food conversion ratio. The results indicated that 0.nilottcus uti 117CJ
, 'll\% carbohydrate optimally among the diets fed. 'I he requirement ol'rhe fish lor carbohydrate in diet is
,()(){,.
OVIE S rELLA ONI\JITE AND OMORODION f.OFO :vtARTH
National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research,
P. Yr. B. 6006, New Bussa
stell;u.)~i~fil'\'ah()o.l:om 0805450'1166
CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION OF Oreoehromis nilotieus
309
MIW Mean Jnitial Weight
MFW Mean final Weight
NfWG Mean \Vcight Gain ...;;MFWMl\V
.~vmG Mean Daily Gain = Total wet weight gain / lime
SUR Specific Growth Rate = 100 x InMFW In MIW / Time
PCR Food Conversion Ratio = Dry weight of feed given! weight gain
PS Percentage Survival = 100 x (Total No offish at harvest/Xo offish stocked)
PF.R Protein Efficiency Ratio = Wet Weight gain / Protein fed
Table 2: Growth of o. niln/iells feelvarying levels of carbohvdratc in 56 days
Pararnet Dietary carbohydrate levels (%)
ers ~D1(8.7 DII(11.7 D111(13.2 DIV(19.31 DV(25.2 I DVl(29.3 I DV LI(:;3'.
I------r 7) 6) 8) 1) 8) 3) 77)
MIW g) 45.95 49.90 46.00 46.00 45.90 46.05 45.90
MfW(g) ~8 15a 61.15a 54.80~68.50ab 76.85b 70.15b 63.BOa
M\VG(g 22.20a 11.25a 8.80a 22.50a 30.95a 24.10a 17.<)Oa
)
\IDU(g 0.40a 0.27a 0.168 0.41s 0.55a 0.43a 0.32a
GR 0.30a 0.22a 0.14a 0.32a 0.40a 0.133 0.26a
~.91a 10.10b 15.11e 6.63a 5.69a 6.38a rs.ss;I PcK I ~.698a 0.469a 0.313a I 0.8()6b 1.188 0.968b 0.864b
~ I ~OOc 93.33bc 83.3~4a I 93.33bc I 89.99h I 86.67a
Figures un the same row with the same subscript arc not significantly different
a e : ercen age composttion 0 mgre rents an proximate composition of lets
Ingredients Diet I Diet II Diet III Diet IV Diet V Diet VI Diet VIl 1
Fishmeal 28.55 30.17 32.30 31.63 28.82 26.02 23.20
Soybean 28.55 30.17 32.30 31.63· 28.82 26.02 23.20
meal
Groundnut 28.55 30.17 32.30 31.63 28.82 26.02 23.20
Cake
Guinea corn ]4.35 9.49 3.10 5.11 13.53 21.95 30.4Q__
Proximate conlQositiun
Moisture 7.62 6.54 5.64 5.16 5.79 5.28 5.03
Crude 57.30 57.59 51.19 47.33 46.26 44.40 36.<)5
protein
Crude lipid 21.14 14.84 23.64 20.26 15.03 15.13 18.25-
Ash 5.17 9.27 6.25 7.94 7.64 5.&6 G.OO I
Crude fihre 2.29 5.67 3.83 5.39 4.25 3.13 4.35
-
Nitrogen 6.48 6.09 9.83 13.92 21.03 26.20 ~-
Free Extract
~ 8.77 11.76 13.28 19.31 25.28 /29.33 33.77 --=fotal
carbohydrate 1 I
dtT hI 1 P
310
FlG I: Growth of O,cof;h,om/:Jn/lotJ~ulSwl:l:h differont; level:. 0' cOIrbohydrau::;
876o 2 3 4 5
TtME(W.. ks)
__ s......_"drn'"
•.• 'cw., carll<:hydnttt
_._ "~Yl c.rbct""yd ......
2~ c:arbc~yd'll1c
__ 25,. catb<t''1d'~te
-- 3()'1,c:a"bchyd'l!1e
___ 35'f>C3""'~yd""'.
90
80
70
60
:§
~
...x 50o
W
?:
:z: 40~
::Ii
30
20
10
0
Fig. I shows the growth of Oreochromis niloticus with different levels of carbohydrate. The 25.28%
carbohydrate diet showed the best growth. Fig. 2 shows the carbohydrate requirement of 0. niloticus using
quadratic regression curve which indicated the point at which dy/dx is equal to zero to be 30% carbohydrate
hence the requirement of the fish for carbohydrate is 30%. The quadratic equation of the curve is Y = 47.3
O.055x + O.014x2 while r2= 0.889. The linear regression line showed a fairly positively correlated
relationship between carbohydrate level and growth.
r paramctersIChfPhT hI 3 W kla e _: ee V ranges 0 IYSICO - _ em rca wate
WEEI<.S· Temperature Dissolved IpH
oxygen
I 27-33 2.0-2.2 7.0-7.2
2 26-33 2.0-2.2 7.0-7.2
3 26-33 2.2-2.4 7.0-7.2
4 29-34 2.2-2.4 7.0-7.2
5 27-33 2.0-2.2 7.0-7.2
6 28-35 2.2-2.6 7.0-7.2
7 27-32 2.0-2.4 7.0-7.2----
8 28-34 2.0-2.2 7.0-7.2
311
,.
,/
DISClJSSIO"l
Me" 1 daily \\ ~ight gained \\ClS recorded in all treatments show that 0.niloticus utilized carbohydrate at all
levels, The mean daily weight gamed, Specific growth rate and protein ell' ciency ratio \\\.TC optimal in ii,'
ted with .?'i.~S"o carbol.ydrate. [his trend disagrees with Lovell (1982) which reported that till: l:"test
grow ing fish are not necessarily the 1110S1 efficient Iced converters A lthouuh there \\ as no !>ignifican!
difference (P,·0.05) between tile weight ~.1111in the treatments, however It showed a ~ignif'3nt diflcreuc
(P<O.05) in the specific growth rate l'hc fact that did V had lower crude protein level than diets !tll 'V isa
ind ication of nutrient balance (Cho 1'1 ul.. 1985). The hybrid or 0 III lotteus and 0 uurcus uti Iizcd starch
the diet better than glucose as all growth parameters were greater with the ...rarch diet (Shiau and Litlll1
I<)l)5). The fact that the diets ill this study comprise starch may have been till' reason for the level of utilizatu
and positive t;rowth. Saha and Ray (200 I) observed that 40% carbohy drnte 111diet gav e the best gnl\\l
parameters for Labeo rohita. this observation is higher than that of 0. niloticus in this study indicating ih,
carbohydrate requirement for tlsh. vary from species to species as protein needs vary Oreochromis nilouc»
is a herbivorous species and so it utilizes carbohydrate more than carnivorous species (Ufodikc and Malt'
1983; Phillips et al.. 1()X4). In this study the sparing effect of the carbohydrate '11 the did \\a" not ve
obv ious as there \\'a" no significant difference (P<O.O") in mean daily weight gain ()o·all fish f,:d the varvir
diets. Pieper and Pfeiffer (1980) observed that the low requirement offish for carbohydrate is very imporiar
in the sparing of protein in their diets. The sparing activity ol'carbohydrate in fish diet allows for protein In I
utilized for growth. as protein is an expensi ve source of energy,
FIG 2. Ca r boh y d rat e r eq u i r em en t of Or eoch r om i s nil ot i
Percentage Carbohydrate fed
403020, .10
4O+- ~----------~--------~--------~
o
[
/
/
/
60
Y =: 47.3 - O.055x + O.014x2
r2 =: 0.889
\
\
312
Adiku, 1. /\.. (1992). Dietary carbohydrate utilization in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn 1758). J. Agric.
Sci. Technol.2 (I): 33-37.
Anderson, J., Jackson, A. J. Matty, A.B. Capper, A. S. (1984). Effects of dietary carbohydrates and fibre on
tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn). Aquaculture 37: 303 314.
AOAC (Association ('If Official Analytical Chemist) (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. (15th eds. K.
I Ioldrick. cd ition). Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Virginia, U. S.A. pp] 25 29 t.
A.P.H.A. (American Public Health Association). Standard Methods for examination of water and waste
water. A.P.H.A. Washington D, C. 14th (cds) l 076
Cho, C. Y., Cowey, C.B. and Watanabe.Tf l (85). Methodological approaches to research and development.
In: Finfish Nutrition inAsia. Proceedings of the Asian Finfish Nutrition Workshop held in Singapore
23 26th August 1983. pp5 & I.
Furuichi, M. and Yone. Y. (1981). Change in blood sugar and plasma insulin levels of' fishes in glucose
tolerance test. Bulletin of Japanese Society of Science and Fisheries 47 (6) 7()1 764.
Huet, M. (1972). Textbook. or Iish culture, Breeding and Cultivation of fish. Fishing News Rooks Ltd.
Farnham, Surrey England. Pp 350-355.
Jauncey, K. (1982). Carp Cyprinus carpio (L) Nutrition A Review, In:Recent Advances inAquaculture. vol.
2 (eds. MUIr, J. and Roherts.R. J.) Croom Helm. London and /Westview Press. Boulder, pp. 215-264
Lovell, R. T. (1982). Practical feeds for shrimps used in Taiwan. Rep. to Arncr, Soyabcan Assoc. on
Aquaculture in Taiwan and the Philippines. 16pp
NRC (National Research Council) (1983). Nutrient requirements of warm water fishes and shell fish
(Revised edition) National Academy Press Washington D. C. 94pp.
Phillips, A.. M. Jnr., Tunison, A. V.and Brockway, D. R. (1984). The utilization of carbohydrate by trout.
fisheries Research Bulletin vol. 9, State of New York Conservation Department. Albany.
Pieper, A. and Pfeiffer, E. (1980). Studies on the comparative efficiency of utilization of gross energy from
some carbohydrates, proteins and fats by rainbow trout (Salrno gaidncri R.) Aquaculture 20: 323-
332.
Saha, A. K., and Ray, A. K. (2001). Optimum dietary carbohydrate requirement of ruhu, Labeo rohita
(Hamilton), fingerlings. Acta Ichthyologica Piscatoria. 31(I) 81-95
Shiau, S. Y. (1997). Util isation of carbohydrates in warm water fish with particular reference to tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus.Aquaculture; t 51: pp79 96; 1997 Elsevier Science B. V.ISSN:
0044 8444486.
'Shiau, S. Y; Lei Min Shyan ; Shiau, S. y. ; Lei, M. S. (1999). Feeding strategy does affect. carbohydrate
'. . utilization by hybrid tilapia 0. niloticus x O. aureus. fisheries Science; vol. 05. No 4 pp. 553 557,
1999; 27 ref rSSN : 0919- 9268.
Shiau Shi- Yen and Liang Hong-Shiang (1995). Carbohydrate utilization and digcstibi lily by tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus, are affected by chromic oxide inclusion in the Jil'l. Journal of
Nutrition 125 (4) 976-982
Ufodike, E. B. C. and Mally, A. J. (1983). Growth responses and nutrient digestibility in Mirror carp
(Cyprinuscarpio) fcddillcrcnt lcvels of'cassava and rice. Aquaculture 31: 41 50.'
Wilson, K. P.(1984). Proteins and amino acids. J. Nutrition and feeding of channel catfish (Revised) E. H.
Robinson and R. T. Lovell, (cds.) Suuth Cuop. Series Bull. No 296: 5 II.
Winfree, R. A.. and Stickney, R. R. (19M1). Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, feed conversion
, efficiency and body composition of T.aurea. Journal ofNutrition. Ill: 110 I 1102.
REFERENCES
The slow drop in the growth of'dict III (Fig. 1) was as a result of mortality experienced in the second and fifth
week of the study. This same reason is attributed to diets II and VI in the third and seventh weeks respectively.
Although the food conversion ratio of diet V was 5.69 and the best, it docs not indicate the diet to be a very
good one as it is higher than 2. According to Huet (1972) food conversion ratios higher than 2 results in very
high operational cost in terms offeeding. Generally survival was high 83.34% and above.
1n conclusion Oreochromis niloticus requires 30% carbohydrate in its diets to meet its energy needs.


Carbohydrate utilization of Oreochromis niloticus

http://aquaticcommons.org/23279/2/049_opt.pdf

Carbohydrate utilization of Oreochromis niloticus

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Aquatic Commons