The main aim of this work was to compare the mechanical properties of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and talc filled PVC. Talc and CaCO3 are common fillers in plastics such as PVC to reduce cost and modify mechanical properties. The PVC resin and additives were blended by using high speed laboratory mixer to produce a homogenized PVC formulation. Then, the dry blended samples were melted and sheeted on the two roll mill machine. The sheeted PVC compounds were compression moulded into impact and flexural test specimens. Flexural and impact tests were then performed to determine and compare the mechanical properties of both PVC composites. Talc filled PVC composite gave the highest flexural modulus but the lowest impact strength compared to all grades of CaCO3 filled PVC composites. The SM90 CaCO3 gave the most optimum properties in trems of impact strength and flexural modulus compared to all grades of CaCO3

Abu Bakar, Aznizam

Bee, Soo Tueen

Hassan, Azman

English

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository

rhe Proceea;,s" or TAFSS 2OO7Res onarAnnual Fuidamenta Sc ence Seminar2007Mechanical ProDerties ofTalc lnd Calcium Carbonate Filled PVCBee SooTueen, Aznnn Hassan and,{znizan Abu bakerDepartmenr of Polym€r EnginccringFacuuy ofCh€mical aod Nrlur.l ResoDrces tngineeringUniversity Teknologi MalaysitAfr frctThe nain aim of this work wd to compare the mechanical plop€rlies of oalciumca$onate (CaCOt dd lalc filled PVC Talc md CaCOr arc comhon fillers in plasticssuch d PvC to reduce cost and modib/ mechanjcal properties. The PVC resi. andaddilives were blended by lsing high speed laboratory nixerto produce a lromogenizedPVC fomulado!. Then, the dry bLended smples were melted and sheeted on the lwo rcllmill machine. The sheeted EVC compoundr were compression moulded iDto impact andflexural test specimens. flexlral and impact tests were then perlbmed to detmine ddcompare the mechmical propeties of both PVC composites. Talc filled PVC compositegave th€ highest flexural modulus but the lowest impact shength oompared to all gmdesofCaCOr filled PVC conposites. The SM90 CaCOr gale rhe nost optimum prop€rties inrrems ofimpact sbengdl dd flexxral modulus compared to all grades ofCaCOr.IntroductionPolyvinyl chlonde, (PVC) is one of lhe largest volume comnoditv pldtics produeed in' ' re wor.o " .d is e\pe.re( ro.on.rnuf $ h a 8000 r i tsn $o! ' lh rare DuP o rr  poo'thermal stability making lrocessing difTicult, it was not commercially importanc€ LrDtildboJr lo ju.  l r  sbaed lo tsdi .  comnercrdl  t rnoluc($hen l fe Prcblerc c.uset l  o)  poorthemal stabiliq' were overcome by development ofadditives Polyvinvl chloride is usedin a wide range of applications becaxse of its combined properti€s ofhigh modrlus, easeof l;bricalion, Low flamnability and low cos!. The main objective ofthis study is tocompare the mechanicai prcpeties of dre talc aud different q?es and size of CaCOr' TLeinfluerce of the fi1ler is not only dopendent on the degre€ of {illing but the finenes olgrlnd and the chenical Datu.e of the talc grades concerned The fner patticles size ofcaLciuh carbonate is more eff€ctive in impad saenglh.\  e,  " l  a '  17004/ -drcal .o rh ,  caco. nd lo_pan c c '  i l len drd l  Jgo(n rhe PVc l  h ' \aho found that cacor rano panicles acted as stress concentrators leading to int€rlacedebonding or voiding andmalrix defonnatior. Th€se mechanisms lead to the tougheni.gofnano-composites. Accordins to Wiebkins (2006), fte addition of talc can sisnificmtlyincieas€ the flexnral modulus of a rigid PVC fomulation, but it can lower the impactstrength. Previons studies have shoNn that the addition of.'lcilm carbonale and talcnnprcved tho stiflness ofPVC. Talc increases the flexural nodulus or stitrness of a riSidPVC fomllation, but this incrcase in stiffness is usually aocompanied by a severedecrease in inpacr strenglh. CaCOr is effective in improving impact strength of PVCivithout lowers the flexuElmodulxs ofPVC. According to Sun. er al a2rrlr, the tensilelnd impact strength of CaCOr/PVC greatly indeased with the decreasing of CaCOrlafiicles size. The decr€asing ofCaCOr particlos slze atribuled to incease the interfacialcontact aroa and enhance inierfacial adhesionbetween CaCq particles and PVC matrix.MetbodologyPVC Blend FornulationThe PVC blend fomllations use ln this lesearch are bas€d on the comhercial PVCwindow frames fomulations with some modifications. The PVC blend fomulation usedin this research was showed in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. The contents olthe filleN are23varied according to lhe comme.ciai loading level Table 3 l was used to find out the typeof Cacqwith the highest iftpact sbengtb and considerable flexlEl moduhs Table 3 2was lsed to find out lhe content ofNPCC filled PVC composile gjves the optimal impactSrmple Preptration ofTalc filled PVC and CaCO3lilled PVC ComPosit'The PvC resi! and additives were blended bv uslng a high speed laboratory mirer tohomogehize the fomnlation. The mixing time oftbe dry blenditg process was 5 m'ntrteswith th€ rotor speed of mixing is 50.pn. After dry blending of the PVC comloundfornnlatioDs. the dry blends ofthe PVC Powder and additives were melted and sheetedon a two roll mlll machine with the ftont roll !n'l back loll tempemhrre of 180+50C TheTable 3.1: PYC Blend Formulatiotr 1.Compound Formulations, PartsSP-FC30SP-FG-c30SM9O30PC10030PC100l0Tdcl0Polyviiyl chlonde, PVc(Resin) 100 100 100 100 100 100(Stabilzer) z 2 2 ). 2 20.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.6 0.6 0.6 0.6Titanlun Dioxide, T'O,(Pisment)1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.524sheeted PVC compounds were cnt and compresslor noulded into the impact and tlexuralThe notch lzod impact slrength was nesured under the ASTM D256-93 siandard testmetlod. The Izod iests will be canied out at room tempemture The pu.pose of thisiesting wrs to delennine the pendnlum impact resistancc ofnotcbed specim€n ofplasticThe thicknes ofeach sampie war deteminedThe flexural iest ws conducied &co.ding to the ASTM D790-86 stand{d test nethodby using the tnstron nachine nodel 5567 The sampl€s w€re tested ai cro$head speed of3mn/min and the suppott span for the flexunl testing was 50nm. Tfie result values offlexural strength and tlexumldodulls were colLecled and anaLyzed.Result and DiscussionTrbl.3.l: The imprct strength' flexurll nodulus and flexurll strength ofPVCcomposit$ fill€d with different types offillers.Typ.s ofFillers tmprctStr€ngth,KJ/mt MPa30phr SP'|G 7.29+0.',l48 4178.5+381.11 78.85+3.456l0phr SP FG-C 7.65+1.588 4145.3+i289_0i 80.83+5.793lophr SMo0 15.05+6.030 4453.0+357.58 80.35+3.199lOphr fCl00 10.15+1.348 4299.5+349.59 82.31+1.209l0phr NPCC 6.15+0.549 3694.1+256.41 81.89+l_84tlOphr Tclc 5.70+0.414 5575.,1+299.10 92.88+2.59t1690.7+197.758 96.42+l _525Table 3.i showed the llexul strength, flexural modulus and imPact srrenglh of thennfilled PVC composites md PVC composites filled widr difl€rent vpes offilleN lromliglre 3.1. the urfilled PVC composite (withort fille') gave ligher flexural strengthcompared to all filLed PVC composites wilh the flexural strength of96-'+2MPa Amongall fillod PVC cooposites. the lophr talc fill€d I'VC composite gave the highest flexuralstrenglh with fte value of 92 8 8MPa The decrease in flexlml strength of l0!h' talc iilledPVC conpositc was very little wlien compared with all erades of Cacor fiiled PVCcomposites. lophr l.lc fille.t PVC comPosite which had the hiShest flexural strengtl'tudher confims that talc has better reiDforcement thd all tvpes of CaCOr' The aspect.atio aDd larticles orien€tion oftaic ParticLes ln PVC composite coDtributed to the highilexural strcn8lh of30phr talc filled PVC composile The incrcment in fiexural strengthof talc filled PVC was aLso ftinimal This colld be attriblted 10 the skin formed dilnngthe moldlng of specim€n. whicfi was more sensilive ro flexnnl stress Talc tends to orrentwith the plane surface parallel io the melt flow directio! duing processiry at the sampleskin, this causes sLippage of the filler against fie matrix. thus reducing lhe reintbrcngeft-ect of the filler. The 30ph PCl00 filled PVC comPosite gave the second highestilexlral slrength with the value of 82llMPa and was ibllowed bv lophr N?CC filledPVC composite with the value of 81 89MPr' The l0phr SI_FG C frlled PVC compostehad the lbunh highest flexural strcngth with a value of 80 83MPa and closelv tollowed!p by the 30!hr SM90 filled PVC composite as ihe fifth highest flexuml strenglb wlth avaLue of80.35MPa. nre l0phr SP-FG losed the poorest flexunl strength wilh a value of78.85MPa. Acoording to Leong, er al {2003). the flexural strength of 'll filledcomposites was lower than the xnfilled Polvpropvlene. The flexural strength from theresult of CaCq dd talc fillers tilled PVC in this research was found similar to th€CaCOr or talc nllers filled PolypiopvLene comPosites in the studv cmied oul bv Leong'er d/ (2006). Accotding Lo Leong, er dl (2006) this could be due to lhe effect of cavrliesfomed aller the corporatio! of CaCOr into the comPosites26=g1009590a5a075656030phr 30phr 30phr 30phr witholtSM90 PC100 NPCC Talc filrerFigure 3.1 : I he flcxural sirength i! M Pr of PvC comPosit€s fill€d rviih differenttypes offill€rs.From FigLlre 3.2, the 30phr talc tilled PVC composite gave the highesl flexural moduluscompared to all types of CaCOr filled PVC com|osltes. The talc filler improved theflexural nodulxs ofthe PVC conposite from l690MPa to 5575.4Mla Wiebking (2006)qloted that laLc can sliffen and strcngthen a dgid PvC lbrmulation and the flexuralnodxlN incrcases as the loading level of talc tilled to PVC composite incrcases The30phr SM90 tilled PVC .onposit€ gale the highest lerural nodulus among all twes olCaCOr, but its flex!rulmodulus wd nucb lower than dre flexu.alstength of:l0ph talcfiLled PvC composite. According to Wiebking (2006), CaCOr cm imp.ove llttle instiffness or increnses the exural modulus of PVC composite, but not as effective as tal.does. This could be caxsed by the low aspoct ratio of CaCOr Frticles and high aspectEtio of ialc patioles. Weibking (1996), also quoled that stiffness is a lxnciion ofshaPe orlspeo1 .atio of lille.. The 30ph PCl00 filled PVC composite was the second higheslflexural nodulus in all types ofCaCOr aDd as ihe third }ighest flexural modulus in autypes ofiille6 with the value of1299.5MPa. The 30phr SP-FG frUed PVC composrte hasthe lbudh hlghest ilexurulnodnlxs in all types offi11e6 with a vahe of4l78.5MPA. md27lollowed by the 30phr SP-FG-C filled PVC comPosiie whioh gave the fifth h'ghestfl€xural modulus wiih the valu€ of'1145lM?a' The flexudl nodulus of 30phr SP_FGand SP-FC-C hM shown that the suface coaied. SP'FG-C had no significant efi€ot onflexnral modulus. The 30phr NPCC posed the looresl flexuml modulus compded wilhail lypes of filiers with lhe value of 3694.LMPa This could be altibuted bv th€agglomeratjonof nano padicLesCaCOr'TyPes ofnlleEg3EFigure 3.2: The fl€xural modulus in MPr ofPVC composit$ nllcd lvith ditTerenttypes of liuers.lmpact strengthFigure 4.3 revealed that the inlact sbenglh of the unfilled PVC composits was6.471g/m':and all types ofcacq had improved the impact slreDgth of PVC Howev€r'lhe lophr talc tilled PVC com?osite had 1owercd the inpact streng$ of PVC composrleThe addilion oftalc fille. reduced rhe impdct strength of PVC conlosite from 6 4?KJ/F'ro 5.70Kym'?. wiebkirg (2006) qnoted in liis studv that talc oan produce poo nlacrpedormarce to a rigid PVC lbmulation. From Flgure 3 l' the 30phr SM90 fi1led PVCcomposite gave the highest inpact siiength compared with all tvpes offilLes filled PVCcomposiles. The 30phr PCl00 fiiled PVC conposite Save the second highest value !nimpact sirength, and fouowed up by $e l0phr SP'IG C filied PVC composte as thethnd highesl impuct strength. Tbe 30phr SP !G nlled PVC composite hs the lburLh28highel.impact strcngth. The 3Ophr NPCC frlled PVC comlosite gave the lowest rmlactstrergth among all grades of CaCOr. The addition ol NPCC had slightly reduced theinpact slrength of PVC composite. Accordjng to Sun, et dl (2005). the addition of naDo-CaCOr in PVC comtosite is supposcdly imparrcd beller imPacl slrength result comparedwirb the nicron panicles CaCOr. Howover. the 30phr NPCC filled PVC composite galethe poorest im?act strength compared with al1 elades of nicron-paniclcs CaCq and ithad even lowered the imPact strengih oIPVC oomposite Accordingto Sun, er al (2005).this night be caused by lhe uncven disp€rsion ofnano CaCOr in PVC matrix and scvereaggregares occur ln the Pvc nafix. The agglom€ration reduced rhe effective number ofnano'padioles, which would absorb the impact energv The 30ph talc filled PVCcomposile not only gave the Lowest impaot strenSlh compared with all cacor fi1led PVccomposites. but jt also highly decreaed the impact st.englh ofPVC composiles ThelOph SM90 fiUed ?VC composite had imparted thc highest impaot srengdr due lo itsfiner pai.icles ize compared to all grades olCaCOr exceptNPCCe"ai6-23ophr 30phr 30phr 30phr 30phr 30phr wt'1oulSP-FG SP FG-C SM90 PC100 Talc NPCCTwes ofFi l l€13Figure3r Th€ inpact st.eDgth itr KJ/m: oIPvC composites lillcd with diflereni29The 30phr talc filled PVC composite gave the highest fl€xural propedies (flexuralslrength and moduius), but the lowest in impaci strength. Tlre bigb values in flexuralpropen.p.$ererrnu.bur-dh\.henighr.nedrar iool  .d l . ! ler .  lhesMau f i l lEJ PV{-composi€s gave tbe highest flexural modulus among tbe CaCOr, filled PVC compositesbut still much lower than the ialc filled PVC composite. This wd caused by th€ lowaspeot ratlo ofSM90 paticles which ws spherical in shate. The olc fillers reduced thelmpact streng r ofPVC composites ignificantly. The 30phr SM90 fil1ed PVC compositegave the highest impact strength rcmparcd to all $ades of Cacoi. NPCC filled PVCcomposito was found to decrease the impact strength ofPVC composite. Tlis might becausedby the uneven dislersion ofnano-Cacor nr PVC matrix and severe agglome.ationAcknol|ledgemcntThe authos wonld like to thank tbe Ministry ofscience. Techrology and Environnent ofMalaysia for nnding this work under IRPA prciect (Vot. 78044). The aulhors would alsolike to thank lndlsbial Resin Malaysla Sdn. Bhd. ibr the mate.ials upport.\Refcrenc€sl. Leong. Y.W.. Abu Bakff, M.8., Mohd hhak, Z.A. and Ariffin. A. (2003).Characterization lTalc/Calcium Cdbonate Filled PolylropyLene Hybrid CompositesWeAthered in a Natural Envionrefi. Polyner Degrddatian a Stabiliq,. 83.411-122.2. Leong, Y.w., Abtr Bakar. M.8., Mohd Ishak. Z.A. and Ariffin, A. (2005). Effeots offiller Treatnents on the Mechanical, Flow, Thermal. and Moqrhology Propenies oftalc and Cllciun Carbonate FilleI Polypropylene Hybrid Composites. JorfrrlApplie.t Polynet Sciente. 9a: 413126.30I  i  <onr.  YJI .  \ .101,.1 i .hxk.  Z A dnd A- mn. A '200Jr \4ecl ,an. . l  1nd lhemJlpropen.e"!of  tatc and catcium 'drbondre l i l leo Pol)propylene Hlbr id 'JmnortesJounat App\ed Palyner Science 91:3321 -33364. Su, S.S., Li, C.2.. Zhang. L, Du, H L , and Gnv, JS.B (2005) lntedacial structu'esan,l mechanical properties of PVC conposites relnforced bv CaCOr with differertparlicle sizes and sudaoe aeatments. Polvnet lntP dtio'al 55: 158_1645. Wiebking, H.E. (1996). The Perfomance ofUltrafine Talc in Rigid PvC Jo'l'dl o/I/inlt ahd Additives T@hnolog/. 2: lA7'189.6. Wiebkins, H.E. (2006). lncredslns the FlexuElModulus of Risid rVC at Elevated'lempeftfircs Jouthdl of Vinyl and Addnivet Technolog) 12 31-407. Xie, X.L.. Li, B.G.. Pm, Z.R , Li, K Y. od Tions. S-C (2001) Etrect ofTalc/MMAln Situ Polymerization on Mechanical propenies of PVC-Matrix Composites /o'malaJ Applied Polynet Scierce. 80:2105-21128. Xie. X L . Liu. Q X . Li KY., Zhou X P ' Zhans, Q X . Y!. Z Z and Mai YW'(2004). Rheological and Mechanical Propenies of PVc/CaCOr NanocompositesPrepded by In Situ Polvmetizarion Palvnel 45:6665-6673

Mechanical properties of talc and calcium carbonate filled PVC

The main objective of this investigation was to study and compare the thermal rigidity, thermal stability, and processability of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites filled with single fillers of talc and uncoated ground CaCO3 (SM 90) or a hybrid filler consisting of talc/SM 90. To produce the composites, the PVC resin, fillers, and other additives were dry-blended in a laboratory mixer before being milled into sheets by using a tworoll mill. Test specimens were prepared by compression molding, after which the thermal properties and processability of the composites were determined. Single and hybrid filler loadings used were fixed at 30 phr (parts per hundred parts of resin). Talc-filled PVC composite showed slightly better thermal stability and rigidity than the composite filled with SM 90, and its thermal stability and rigidity slightly decreased with SM 90 content increasing from 5 to 25 phr in order to replace talc filler in the hybrid composites. The fusion time of talc-filled PVC composite was shorter than that of SM 90-filled PVC composite; thus, the fusion time of hybrid composites increased with increasing SM 90

Mechanical properties of tale and calcium carbonate filled PVC

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Mechanical properties of talc and calcium carbonate filled PVC

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Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository