Fischer, Andrea

Stocker-Waldhuber, Martin

English

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AUTOMATIC WEATHERSTATION HINTEREISFERNER -METEOROLOGICAL STATIONMAG. M. STOCKER-WALDHUBERDR. A. FISCHERContentsContents 11 Introduction 22 The automatic weather station Hintereisferner 32.1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2.1 Windspeed and direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2.2 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2.3 Barometric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.4 Temperature and humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.2.5 Temperature of soil and snowpack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2.6 Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2.7 Datalogger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.2.8 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411 IntroductionThe automatic weather station (AWS) Hintereisferner (HEF) was installed close to theMeteorological station at an elevation of 3026 m a.sl. on 7.10.2012. An overview of the entirearea and the location of the AWS can be seen in Figure 2.1 and in Figure 2.2 from the oppositeside of the valley. The AWS was set up to record meteorological data such as the net radiationbalance, wind- and wind speed, snow high, pressure, precipitation during the summer months,temperature and humidity as well as soil temperature and the temperature of the snowpack attwo levels. Power supply is provided with battery and a solar panel. Data communication canbe both, direct connection with laptop and via a GSM modem. This report gives a summary ofthe development and testing phase of the AWS and the executed fieldwork in this project.Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics (IMGI)University of InnsbruckInnrain 52,A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaTel.: +43 512 507 5451Fax: +43 512 507 2924e-mail: Meteorologie@uibk.ac.atExecution of work (IMGI):Mag. Martin Stocker-Waldhuber martin.stocker-waldhuber@uibk.ac.atDr. Andrea Fischer andrea.fischer@uibk.ac.atRainer DiewaldDaniel Haag22 The automatic weather stationHintereisfernerFigure 2.1: Overview: Hintereisferner and the location of the AWS (black X).Instruments as well as cables and enclosures of the automatic weather station were orderedfrom Campbell Scientific and delivered on the 25th of May 2010. All the other parts such as thetelescope mast, anchoring bolts and cables were ordered from different companies and compiledat the IMGI. In August the station and the data logger program were accomplished end thereforeready for testing at the IMGI, together with a second station of similar type as can be seen inFigure 2.3. During the testing phase the results were compared to the second station and to tothe automatic weather station of the IMGI. On the 6th of October the AWS were brought to theouter Hochebenkar by helicopter and finally installed on the 12th of October. Data scans takeplace every minute and get stored as a ten minutes mean, minimum, maximum, sum or vectordepending on each measured parameter.32.1 SetupThe setup of the AWS can be seen in Figure 2.4. The mast consists out of to parts, toenable the adjustment of the instruments high, which is in particular important during winter toensure that the instruments protrude the snowpack and to preserve power supply to the station.During winter the solar panel and the instruments except the pressure measurement are locatedat heights between three and four meters above ground. The pressure measurement is locatedinside the enclosure of the AWSwhich cannot be adjusted in height. Therefore the interpretationof the pressure data during winter has to be done carefully. Precipitation is recorded only duringthe summer months because of the risk of icing and therefore damaging of the rain gauge. Threetemperature probes are installed for measuring soil and snowpack temperature. The first one islocated about 1:5meters in the front of the station at a depth of 15 centimeters for measuring thesoil temperature. The probes for the snowpack temperature profile are mounted on the mast to aheight of 10 and 70 centimeters above ground. During summer months these two measurementsdo not have any purpose.4Figure 2.2: Station Hintereisferner on 07.10.2012.5Figure 2.3: Comparing two AWS of the same type during the testing phase on the IMGI.6Figure 2.4: Setup of the AWS on Hintereisferner.72.2 InstrumentsThe following section summarizes all the instruments and gives a brief technical overviewof each. The information in the following subsections and further information is given in themanuals provided by Campbell Scientific.2.2.1 Windspeed and directionHorizontal wind speed and direction is measured using the Young Wind Monitor 05103-45which is mounted on the top of the mast as can be seen at the pictures above. The wind monitorswith the specification number 45 is especially designed for alpine environment to discourageice build-up. Wind speed and direction are stored as a wind vector every ten minutes. The windgust is stored as the maximum value out of ten minutes.Technical data for wind speed: accuracy: 0:3 ms 1, 1 to 60 ms 1; 1 ms 1, 60 to 100 ms 1 range: 1 to 60 ms 1 for maximum accuracy, gust survival 100 ms 1 threshold sensitivity: 1 ms 1 (max.), 0:5 ms 1 typicalTechnical data for wind direction: accuracy: 3 range: 360 mechanical, 355 electrical (5 open; parallel resistor prevents floating signalin deadband) threshold sensitivity: 1:0 ms 1 at 10 displacement 1:5 ms 1 at 5 displacementPhysical specifications: serial number: WM9997 operating temperature:  50 to 50C, assuming non-riming conditions dimensions overall: 37 x 55 cm main housing diameter: 5 cm propeller diameter: 18 cm weight: 1:5 kg82.2.2 RadiationThe Kipp&Zonen four component net radiometer CNR4 measures the energy balance be-tween incoming and outgoing shortwave as well as incoming and outgoing longwave radiation.Therefore the CNR4 consists out of a pyrgeometer pair and a pyranometer pair in which oneof each facing up- and the other one facing downwards. With the CNR4 body two tempera-ture sensors, a thermistor and a PT-100 are integrated to enable the correction of the longwaveradiation, which is necessary because of instrument housing. The CNR4 is used without theexpansion of the heater/ventilation unit CNF4 because of the same energy-insufficiency as it isdescribed for precipitation measurements above. All the measured parameters as well as thecorrected values are stored as a ten minutes mean.CNR4 specifications: serial number: 100254 operating temperature:  40 to +80C operating humidity: 0 to 100% RH sensor weight: 0:85 kgPyranometer specifications: spectral range: 305 to 2800 nm sensitivity upper sensor: 17:59 VW 1m 2 sensitivity lower sensor: 16:69 VW 1m 2 temperature dependence of sensitivity: < 4% ( 10 to 40C) field of view upper detector: 180 field of view lower detector: 150 maximum solar irradiance: 2000Wm 2 expected accuracy for daily totals: 10%Pyrgeometer specifications: spectral range: 4:5 to 42 m sensitivity upper sensor: 10:28 VW 1m 2 sensitivity lower sensor: 8:59 VW 1m 2 temperature dependence of sensitivity: < 4% ( 10 to 40C)9 field of view upper detector: 180 field of view lower detector: 150 uncertainty in daily total: < 10%The longwave correction (LWinCor and LWoutCor) using the sensor temperature(CNR4TC) is given in formula 2.1 and 2.2.LWinCor = LWin+ 5:67  10 8  (CNR4TC + 273:18)4 (2.1)LWoutCor = LWout+ 5:67  10 8  (CNR4TC + 273:18)4 (2.2)2.2.3 Barometric pressureAs can be seen in Figure 2.5 the Setra Barometric Pressure Sensor CS100 is mounted insideof the enclosure. The barometric pressure is stored as a ten minutes average.Specifications: serial number: 42889886 measurement range: 600 mb to 1100 mb (hPa) operating temperature range:  40C to 60C himidity range: non-condensing (up to 95% RH) resolution: 0:01 mb total accuracy: 0:5 mb at 20C 1:0 mb at 0C to +40C 1:5 mb at  20C to +50C 2:0 mb at  40C to +60C long-term stability: 0:1 mb per yearPhysical specifications: dimensions: 9:1 x 6:1 x 2:5 cm weight: 135 g102.2.4 Temperature and humidityThe Vaisala HMP45AC temperature and relative humidity probe contains a Platinum Re-sistance Temperature detector (PRT) and a Vaisala Humicap 180 capacitive relative humiditysensor. To avoid an uncaptured radiation error the HMP45AC is located inside of the large radi-ation shield which is mounted at the sensor cross arm. Both, temperature and relative humidityare stored as averages every ten minutes.Temperature sensor specifications: sensor: 1000  PRT, IEC 7511=3 Class B temperature measurement range:  40C to 60C temperature uncertainty: 0:13C (95% confidence level)Humidity sensor specifications: sensor: Vaisala Humicap 180 relative humidity measurement range: 0 to 100% non-condensing accuracy at 20C: 2% (0 to 90% relative humidity) 3% (90 to 100% relative humidity) temperature dependence of relative humidity measurement: 5% RH/C typical long term stability: better than 1% RH per yearPhysical specifications: serial number: F1110018 operating temperature:  40C to 60C probe length: 25:4 cm probe body diameter: 2:5 cm filter: 0:2 m Teflon membrane filter diameter: 1:9 cm112.2.5 Temperature of soil and snowpackFor measurements of soil and snowpack temperatures three thermistor 107 probes are used.Soil temperature is measured at a depth of 30 cm and 10 cm in the front of the station. TC1 ismounted in loose debris 10 cm. Because of the uncaptured radiation error these two snowpacktemperatures are significant in cases of snow coverage only. Temperature values are stored as aten minutes mean.Specifications: sensor: BetaTherm 100K6A Thermistor temperature measurement range:  35 to 50C thermistor interchangeability error: < 0:18C over  25 to 50C temperature survival range:  55 to 100C worst case accuracy: 0:3C over  25 to 50C2.2.6 DistanceSnow depth is calculated out of the distance measurements using the Campbell SR50ASonic Ranging Sensor without the heater option (SR50AH). The reason for usage without theheater option is mentioned above. The SR50A is an acoustic sensor which determines thedistance to the surface by emitting an ultrasonic pulse and then measuring the elapsed timebetween the emission and return of pulse. Air temperature is necessary to correct the signalbecause of the temperature depending propagation speed.Specifications: serial number: 3103 measurement time: < 1:0 second measurement range: 0:5 to 10 m beam acceptance:  30 resolution: 0:25 mm accuracy: 1 cm or 0:4% of distance to target operating temperature:  45 to 50C length: 10:1 cm diameter: 7:5 cm weight: 1:0 kg122.2.7 DataloggerThe data logger used in this setup is the Campbell CR3000 which can measure almost anysensor with an electric response. Measured electric signals are converted to engineering units.Even calculations and data reduction to statistical values can be done. The CR3000 will storedata in memory awaiting transfer to the PC via external storage devices or telecommunications.Specifications: serial number: 4771 analog inputs: 14 differential or 28 singel ended voltage measurements accuracy without sensor and measurement noise: (0:04% of reading + offset), 0 to 40C (0:07% of reading + offset),  25 to 50C (0:09% of reading + offset),  40 to 85C accuracy of built-in junction thermistor: 0:3C  25 to 50C 0:8C  40 to 85C analog outputs: 4 switched valtage and 3 switched current outputs, 2 continuous voltageoutputs resistance measurements: 4- and 6-wire full bridges and 2-, 3- and 4-half bridges dedicated pulse counters: 4 inputs individually selectable for switch closure, high fre-quency pulse, or low-level AC digital control ports: 8 digital control ports switched 12 V: two independent 12 V unregulated sources communication: RS-232, CS I/0, SDI-12, SDM and peripheral ports available clock accuracy: 3 min per year size: 24:1 x 17:8 x 9:6 cm weight: 1:6 kg132.2.8 OthersPower supply is given by a 40 watt solar panel and a 12 V and 34 Ah battery. If the batteryis charged the regulator disconnects battery and solar panel to avoid overcharge. The AWS isequipped with the Wavecom CS-GSM modem and a low-cost dual-band antenna by CampbellScientific to enable communication via two modems. The reception at the location of the AWShas been tested and the system will be completed with a T-Mobile SIM card as soon as possible.A wiring plan is fixed inside the enclosure box as can be seen in Figure 2.5Figure 2.5: Enclosure of the AWS.14

Automatic Weatherstation Hintereisferner - Meteorological station

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