This paper represents optimization of power management system (PSM) for standalone micro-grid with hybrid power generation. We are going to generate hybrid power by using photovoltaic model and small wind mill. The output hybrid power is not constant and continuous therefore if in case of generation is less than load demand then by managing loads by using micro-controller. If hybrid power is reduced and micro-controller is not present then there is stress on micro-grid. Therefore there will be possibility of system failure to avoid this we are managing loads by using micro-controller. Here by managing loads we have done optimized use of generated energy. Therefore efficiency of the system increases. Renewable energy is the future of energy sector for that its management is useful in future

Marchande, Aniket

Salunke, Sagar

Yadav, Rahul

International Journal of Research and Engineering

21 
 
 
IJRE | Vol. 03 No. 06 | June 2016 
ISSN 2348-7852 (Print) | ISSN 2348-7860 (Online) ijre.org 
Management of Hybrid Power using Micro-Controller 
1
Rahul Yadav, 
2
Aniket Marchande, 
3
Sagar Salunke 
1,2,3
Student, Electrical Department, SKN Sinhgad Institute of Technology & Science, Lonavala, Maharashtra, India 
  
Abstract: This paper represents optimization of power 
management system (PSM) for standalone micro-grid with 
hybrid power generation. We are going to generate hybrid power 
by using photovoltaic model and small wind mill. The output 
hybrid power is not constant and continuous therefore if in case 
of generation is less than load demand then by managing loads 
by using micro-controller. If hybrid power is reduced and micro-
controller is not present then there is stress on micro-grid. 
Therefore there will be possibility of system failure to avoid this 
we are managing loads by using micro-controller. Here by 
managing loads we have done optimized use of generated energy. 
Therefore efficiency of the system increases. Renewable energy is 
the future of energy sector for that its management is useful in 
future. 
 
Keywords: Photovoltaic Model; Windmill; Micro-grid; 
Microcontroller; Hybrid Power; 
 
I. INTRODUCTION 
 
Distributed generation (DG) may result in enhanced 
continuity of service and in increased customer participation 
to the electricity market. These opportunities are certainly 
supported by allowing the operation of a small portion of 
distribution networks (both on medium and low voltage 
levels) in islanded conditions. The literature on the subject 
defines micro-grids as small-scale power systems equipped 
with embedded generators and suitable control systems able to 
supply local electrical and thermal demands in islanded 
operation. 
 
In this definition, micro-grids are also designed to connect 
seamlessly to the public distribution network and, after that, 
disconnect when appropriate. In household applications, the 
above-mentioned capability to operate in islanded mode is 
permitted by the presence of energy storage devices and by 
the implementation of automatic scheduling systems that 
make use of communication and aggregation features 
allowing the operation and control of microgrids as single 
entities. 
 
Within this context, there is a general interest for the 
utilization of kilowatt (kW)-class fuel cells (FCs) in 
residential applications. Indeed, compared with other 
conventional small generators, FCs, and in particular the 
proton exchange membrane (PEM) ones, promise higher 
cogenerative performance, clean and silent operation, and 
cost-effective supply of power. Recently, Erdinc and 
Uzunoglu provided a review of different architectures of 
systems powered by PEM FCs, also in combined use with 
other power supply and energy storage units, in order to build 
so-called hybrid systems. Various energy management 
approaches have been proposed in the literature in order to 
handle the characteristics of different power generators and 
storage systems. 
 
With reference to integrated PEM FC and battery systems for 
electric vehicle applications, Thounthong propose a cascade 
control of FC-current, battery-current, and battery state-of-
charge with a limitation function of the dc-link voltage. 
Concerning residential applications, hybrid energy storage 
systems composed by regenerative FCs integrated with 
batteries, or ultracapacitors, have been compared in order to 
assess the criteria for the exploitation of the different energy 
and power density values of the components. 
 
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HYBRID POWER 
MANAGEMENT 
 
There are many possible configurations of hybrid power 
systems. One way to classify systems architectures is to 
distinguish between AC and DC bus systems. Figure 
1illustrates the block diagram of this configuration 
 
 
Fig1 
 
In this paper we can generate the energy from hybrid plant 
(power). Hybrid power means we can generate energy from 
two and more energy sources. In this paper we can use 
“Photovoltaic cell” and “Wind energy” for generation of 
energy. 
 
In this generated energy from photovoltaic cell and wind 
energy can be stored into battery. Also we can measure 
generated energy from photovoltaic cell and wind energy by 
using micro-controller. Also we can measure the charging 
percentage of battery. 
 
In a hybrid power management system we can manage the 
load according to battery percentage. Such as if battery is 
100% charge then all loads will be ON and If the battery is 
below 70% charge according to given by microcontroller 
priority any one of the load is OFF. Micro-controller gives a 
different priority for the different load according to battery 
charging percentage. 
 
DC bus systems are those where the renewable energy 
components and sometimes even the backup diesel generator 
feed their power to a DC bus, to which is connected an 
inverter that supplies the loads. This is for small hybrid 
systems. Large power hybrid systems use an AC bus 
architecture where wind turbines are connected to the AC 
distribution bus and can serve the loads directly. The 
configuration used to be evaluated in this thesis has a DC bus 
which combines the DC output of the PV module, the DC 
output of the wind turbine, and the battery bank.The AC bus 
of this configuration combines the output of the bidirectional 
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IJRE | Vol. 03 No. 06 | June 2016 
ISSN 2348-7852 (Print) | ISSN 2348-7860 (Online) ijre.org 
inverter, the output of the back-up diesel generator and the 
load. This parallel configuration requires no switching of the 
AC load supply while maintaining flexibility of energy 
source, but the bidirectional power inverter shall be chosen to 
deal with this mode of operation. 
 
 Solar photovoltaic panel 
 
 Wind  generator 
 
 Charge controller 
 
 Storage unit (battery) 
 
Solar Photovoltaic Panel: 
 
The basic working principle of a solar panel is that it contains 
silicon cells which have small p-n junctions inside them. 
1342The incident photons create free charge carriers. These 
charge carriers are separated through the junction and then 
electric current is generated. The different arrangements of the 
silicon cells generate different levels of voltage and current. 
 
The solar photovoltaic panel is selected on the basis of system 
requirements and before selecting the panel it should be kept 
in mind that it is preassembled and its specifications cannot 
be altered thereafter. The battery used to store charge is of 
150Ah capacity. The selection of the solar panel depends on 
the time it takes to charge the connected battery. 
 
To calculate the charging time the following equation can be 
used: 
 
peak hour required= 
V( batt) *Capacity(batt )/power(SPV)………(1) 
 
This equation can also be written as 
 
Power (SPV)= 
V batt *Capacity(batt)/peak hr required ………(2) 
 
Wind Generator 
 
Analysing the wind pattern and designing the wind turbine for 
this system proves to be most challenging work. Since the 
average wind speed at this area is around 3.5m/s. But the 
provided data suggests the wind speed on an average basis in 
which there are times when wind blows with high speeds and 
there are times when there is no wind. During night time the 
speed of wind is quite high of the order of 8-12 m/sec and this 
system will convert that kinetic energy into electrical energy. 
The maximum power available through wind resource is 
given by this equation [1]: - 
 
P=0.5*ρ*A* 3(in watts) 
 
Where P= Power 
 
ρ=density of air (1.2kg/m3) 
 
A=Area perpendicular to the flow of wind 
 
V=Wind velocity 
 
The above equation only gives theoretical power but in reality 
the output is much lesser 
 
Turbine Design: 
 
The construction of the wind turbine starts from the design of 
the turbine. There are basically two types of designs which 
can be implemented: - 
 
A. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) 
 
B. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) 
 
An HAWT is the most commonly used because it is more 
efficient because the blades are always facing against the 
wind. This makes them to extract maximum power out of the 
wind but the drawback is that a tail has to be used so that it 
should be always in the wind’s direction. Whereas in VAWT 
there is no need of a tail but the full power of wind is not 
utilized in this design it is more suggested for high wind 
speed applications. A wind turbine of 1 meter diameter is 
sufficient for this project. The blades have been made from 
normal PVC pipe. The generator is directly attached to the 
rotor. The generator used in this system is a simple permanent 
magnet DC motor. Since the wind speed at the area is less so, 
the RPM (Revolution per Minute) of turbine will be less and 
the motor chosen as a generator should have a low RPM. If 
motor used has high RPM rating then gears have to be 
attached to adjust the RPM between rotor and motor. 
 
Charge Controller: 
 
The charge controller is an electronic circuitry which 
monitors the solar and wind input and generates control for 
the charging. Charge controller works on electronic circuits 
and masters the system functioning. The charge controller is 
connected to both solar and wind inputs. It senses the voltage 
level from solar panel and wind generator. Then as per the 
algorithm defined it selects the suitable resource that is either 
solar PV or wind turbine to store the charge. The algorithm 
followed by the charge controller used in this system is as 
follows: 
 
 
Fig 2 : Flow diagram of the controller algorithm 
 
The algorithm aims at the solar panel output as the main input 
for the system as it is more dependable. The various switching 
operations are performed by the charge controller. The heart 
or brain of this system is the 8051 microcontroller. The 
microcontroller model used in this system is AT89C51 which 
is most commonly available microcontroller in the market. 
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IJRE | Vol. 03 No. 06 | June 2016 
ISSN 2348-7852 (Print) | ISSN 2348-7860 (Online) ijre.org 
The reason for using 8051 is that it has each and everything 
available onboard which is required for this system and also 
for the future improvements in the system. Other thing is that 
it can be programmed easily with simple assembly language 
programming or C language program and is cheaper than 
other families of microcontrollers. The working of the 
microcontroller depends upon the input output signals 
provided to it by other connected circuitry. To sense the solar 
panel input voltage, a voltage sense circuit has been used. 
This circuit contains a zener diode and a grounded emitter npn 
transistor. The circuit diagram of this sense circuit has been 
illustrated below. The input from the solar panel is supplied to 
a resistor network comprising of two 10kohm resistors which 
divides the panel output and then feeds it to the zener diode. 
The zener diode has nominal zener voltage of 7.5volts. So, 
when the voltage at the zener diode exceeds 7.5 volts then the 
current flows through the diode to the transistor. As the gate 
voltage at the transistor increases the transistor goes to 
saturation mode. Then the voltage at the collector grounds 
through emitter and hence it provides a logic low to the 
microcontroller input pin. Pin P1.0 has been used to sense the 
solar panel output. 
 
 
Fig3: Solar panel voltage sensor with grounded emitter 
transistor 
 
 
The microcontroller senses for the logic low at P1.0 and sends 
a corresponding logic high signal to the pin which has been 
connected to the relay controller circuit. The relay controller 
circuit has been described below: - 
 
 
 
Fig4: Circuit to control the switching 
 
The pin P1.1 has been connected to the gate terminal of the 
power MOSFET. The MOSFET used in this project is 
IRPF460. This is an n-channel MOSFET which is used for 
high power and high switching speed applications. When the 
gate voltage is applied to the MOSFET it operates in 
saturation region and the relay connected in series to the 
transistor energises and the panel output is connected to the 
battery. This will enable the charging of the battery. Before 
connecting the solar panel to the battery it is also required to 
check for the battery voltage if the battery is fully charged 
then we need not to connect it to the solar panel. The same 
circuit with some modification can also be used to sense for 
wind turbine output. To completely monitor the battery 
voltage with load supply control, an ADC has to be used. For 
serial input and parallel output ADC 0804 can be used. An 
LCD has also been used in this project to guide the user about 
various things happening inside the charge controller. The 
LCD used in this project has been used in 4-bit mode to save 
the pins of the microcontroller. In 4-bit mode only 6 pins of 
the microcontroller are required to be interfaced with the 
microcontroller. 
 
This LCD will have messages like ―Charging on‖, ―Battery 
full‖, ―Battery low‖ etc. LED’s have also been used in the 
circuit to indicate common functions. 
 
ADVANTAGES: 
 
1) Optimization of energy usage 
2) Reduction in operating costs 
3) Increasing network reliability and visibility 
4) Improved performance of existing infrastructure 
5) Efficiency & life of system will increase. 
6) Power management of RES in the energy sector. 
7) Stress and failure of the system can be avoided. 
 
DISADVANTAGES: 
 
1) High initial Cost 
2) Power generation is less 
3) Depends upon environmental condition 
 
APPLICATIONS: 
 
o In Micro grid 
 
3. CONCLUSION 
 
The realized PMS, described in the paper, allows the reliable 
standalone operation of a kW-class residential microgrid fed 
by a controllable FC and a PV unit. It allows following both 
load and PV production variations by acting on the power 
control of the FC. The main objective of the PMS actions is 
the control of the battery state-of-charge, which is estimated 
by using an accurate algorithm developed for this purpose: 
this feature represents one key aspect of the developed system 
compared to existing ones, as it allows limiting in an effective 
way the number of startup and shutdown maneuvers of the 
FC. The estimation of the battery state-of-charge is also a 
crucial parameter for the management of the energy flows in a 
standalone. In manual mode also the switch can be used to 
turn ON and OFF the load. 
 
We conclude from this project that hybrid power generation 
and management of hybrid power by using both automatic 
and manual methods. 
 
 
 
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IJRE | Vol. 03 No. 06 | June 2016 
ISSN 2348-7852 (Print) | ISSN 2348-7860 (Online) ijre.org 
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[2] Ambia, M.N.; Islam, M.K.; Shoeb, M.A.; Maruf, M.N.I.; 
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[3] Guosheng Tian; Xinping Ding; Jian Liu, "Study of control 
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[4] Ranjit, S. S S; Tan, C. F.; Subramaniam, S. K., 
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[5] Mingzhi Zhao; Zhizhang Liu, "Design and Application of 
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