Fellhanera gyrophorica Sérus., Coppins, Diederich & Scheidegger is described as new from Europe Austria, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Switzerland and Ukraine. It is a sterile corticolous species with conspicuous and sometimes shortly stalked pycnidia whose outer walls produce gyrophoric acid. Its position in the genus Fellhanera (Pilocarpaceae) is tentative and further studies may necessitate its transfer to another genu

Sérusiaux, E.

Coppins, B. J.

Diederich, P.

Scheidegger, C.

Bahasa di samping mengemban fungsi utamanya sebagai alat komunikasi sekaligus sebagai penanda dan pembeda ciri kemanusiaan, ternyata juga sebagai alat kekuasaan. Sebagai alat kekuasaan, bahasa (dalam penggunaannya) tidak hanya sebagai wahana interaksi, tetapi juga agar seseorang dapat dihormati, dipercaya, dipatuhi, dibedakan (dengan yang lainnya). Dalam praktiknya, “perebutan” kekuasaan di arena KBM tersebut tidak jarang menggunakan kekerasan simbolik.  

Hasil penelitian ternyata menunjukkan bahwa  dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar,  terjadi praktik penggunaan kekuasan dalam interaksi guru-murid. Para guru –disadari atau tidak—ketika mengajar memraktikkan kekuasaan apakah itu kekuasaan paksaan, absah, hadiah, kepakaran, ataupun acuan sebagaimana dikemukakan Lee (2002); Frech dan Refen (via Jumadi, 2005). Dalam wujudnya, praktik penerapan kekerasan simbolik untuk mempertahankan kekuasaannya terlihat pada aspek bentuknya, strategi, dan fungsinya. Dari aspek bentuk, representasi kekuasaan tampak pada penggunaan (a) kalimat perintah, (b) larangan, (c) permintaan, (d) persilaan, (e) saran, dan (f) interogatif. Dari aspek strategi, para guru menggunakan (a) penguasaan topik, (b) interupsi, (c) marah, (d) memberikan pertanyaan yang sulit, (e) mengendalikan tuturan, (f) ancaman, dan (g) nonverbal (misalnya: sikap diam, sinar mata yang tajam); sedangkan dari aspek fungsi, refleksi kekuasaannya berfungsi untuk (a) menguasai/mengendalikan siswa, (b) memaksa, (c) agar dipercaya, (d) agar dihormati, dan (e) agar dibedakan/agar berbeda dengan orang lain.



Kata Kunci: kekerasan, simbolik, pendidika

Suharyo, Drs., M.Hum

Diponegoro University Institutional Repository

Indonesian

KEKERASAN SIMBOLIK DALAM PENDIDIKAN

Kekerasan Simbolik dalam Pendidikan.

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Lichenologist 33(4): 285-289 (2001)doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0328, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on IDEJMFellhanera gyrophorica, a new European species with conspicuouspycnidiaE. SERUSIAUX, B. J. COPPINS, P. DIEDERICH and C. SCHEIDEGGERAbstract: Fellhanera gyrophorica Serus., Coppins, Diederich & Scheidegger is described as new fromEurope (Austria, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Switzerland and Ukraine). It is a sterile corti-colous species with conspicuous and sometimes shortly stalked pycnidia whose outer walls producegyrophoric acid. Its position in the genus Fellhanera {Pilocarpaceae) is tentative and further studiesmay necessitate its transfer to another genus. J) 2001 The British Lichen SocietyIntroductionThe genus Fellhanera Vezda is widely dis-tributed in tropical, subtropical and temper-ate areas, with many foliicolous species.According to recent generic delimitationswithin the Pilocarpaceae, it is the mostinclusive genus and forms the basis of thefamily as it supposedly exhibits most of theplesiomorphic character states (Lucking1997; Lucking et al. 2001). The family so farincludes the genera Badimia Vezda, Bapal-muia Serus., Byssoloma Trevis., ByssolecaniaVain., Fellhanera Vezda and FellhaneropsisSerus. & Coppins, but further genera shouldbe distinguished in the forthcoming years(Kalb et al. 2000).Details of the species included in thegenus can be found in Vezda (1986),Lucking et al. (1994), Serusiaux (1996),Lucking (1997) and Lucking et al. (2001).E. Serusiaux: Research Associate F.N.R.S., BotanyDept, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B22, B-4000Liege, Belgium.B. J. Coppins: Royal Botanic Garden, EdinburghEH3 5LR, U.K.P. Diederich: Musee national d'histoire naturelle, rueMunster 25, L-2160 Luxembourg, G. D. Luxembourg.C. Scheidegger: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, CH-8903Birmensdorf, Switzerland.0024-2829/01/040285 + 05 $35.00/0The continental European lichen floraincludes the widespread and well-knownFellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vezda andF. subtilis (Vezda) Diederich & Serus.Fellhanera christiansenii Serus. & Vezda isrestricted to Italy (Calabria) where it is quiterare (Puntillo et al. 2000). The recentlydescribed F. viridisorediata Aptroot et al. isknown from Austria, Belgium, Germany,Wales, S Sweden and The Netherlands(Aptroot et al. 1998; Ekman & Arup 2000;Orange 1999; Spier & Aptroot 2000) whileF. ochracea Sparrius & Aptroot has beenfound in Great Britain, The Netherlandsand Switzerland (Sparrius & Aptroot 2000).A key to the species of W Europe is providedby Sparrius & Aptroot (2000). A further newspecies is described in this paper.The SpeciesFellhanera gyrophorica Serus.,Coppins, Diederich & Scheideggersp. nov.^Fellhanera sp. 1 in Diederich, P., Trav. Sci. Mus. nat.hist. nat. Luxemb. 14: 102 (1989).=Fellhanera sp. in Scheidegger, C. et al., Mitt. Aargau.Naturf. Ges. 33: 179 (1991).=Fellhanera sp. in Diederich, P. & Serusiaux, E.,The Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi of Belgium andLuxembourg. An Annotated Checklist. Musee nationald'histoire naturelle, Luxembourg: 101, (2000).© 2001 The British Lichen Societyuse, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2001.0328Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Basel Library, on 11 Jul 2017 at 08:58:54, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of286 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 33FIG. 1. Thallus and pycnidia of Fellhancra gyrophorica on bark of Carpinus (photograph taken in the field byC. Scheidegger in Ukraine, Zhornava, 27 v 1998). Scale=l mm.Species corticola semper sterilis, pycnidiis conspicuis,sessilibus vel breviter stipitatis (stipite usque ad 30 |imlongo), pariete externo C+ rubro reagenti (acidumgyrophoricum continenti); conidia obpyriformia, raroellipsoidea vel biclavata, 3 3-5 x 1 1-5 (im.Typus: Austria, Steiermark, OststeirischesHiigelland, Bezirk Feldbach, Gleichenberger Kogel,Steinbruch W des Kogels und nordliche Abhange,380 m, 19 March 1993, auf Borke von A/tius ghtmwsa,B. Wiaer 1987 (G/.U—holotype).(Fig. 1)Thallus corticolous, or invading corti-colous mosses and liverworts, forming largeand conspicuous patches up to 2-3 cmacross, or streaks along the bark fissures upto 5-6 cm long, or dispersed and hardlyseen amongst other crustose species or bryo-phytes and then quite indistinct, pale yellow-ish green to green, sometimes with a slightbluish tinge, made up of scattered to denselyaggregated goniocysts and thus finelyfarinose or scurfy granular, rather thin ormuch thicker when well-developed andthen granular-warted, rarely with a felt-likeappearance, never smooth nor isidioid;margin ill-defined, without prothallus.Photobiont most probably a species ofChlorococcaceae, with green, spherical cells,6-10 (-12) urn diam.Pycnidia always present, sessile or slightlystalked, sometimes aggregated in clusters,pinkish to pale orange-brown, with theirouter wall slightly pruinose when well-developed and typically reacting C+ redbecause of production of gyrophoric acid(checked by TLC for several specimens,incl. the type), 0-1-0-25 mm diam., and upto 0-1-0-2 (-0-3) mm high; stalk indistinctor c. 20-30 um in height; ostiole conspicu-ous, widely gaping or filled with a glut ofconidia; cavity unilocular and lined with theconidiogenous layer; conidiophores made ofhyaline, elongate cells; conidiogenous cellselongate or more typically slightly ampulli-form, 3-7(-8) x 1-5-3-5 (im. Conidia acro-genous, unicellular, typically obpyriform,use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2001.0328Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Basel Library, on 11 Jul 2017 at 08:58:54, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of2001 Fellhanera gyrophorica—Serusiaux et al. 287or rarely ellipsoid or biclavate, (2-5-) 3-3-5(-4) x (0-7-)l-l-5nm.Observations. This species has been knownto us for more than ten years and has beenfiled or even mentioned in several publi-cations (Diederich 1989; Scheidegger et al.1991; Diederich & Serusiaux 2000) as aspecies of Fellhanera. Lack of ascomata ofcourse precludes any final decision on itsgeneric position. Now that we have studiedcollections from many countries in Europeand failed to find any published epithet forit, we have decided to publish it as new in thegenus Fellhanera. Indeed, its pycnidia pro-duce obpyriform conidia that are typical formany species of that genus, for example theso-called F. subtemella group (Lucking1997). Production of gyrophoric acid inthe pycnidial walls is, however, somewhatdivergent as the secondary metabolites sofar detected in the F. subtemella groupinclude only zeorin, usnic and isousnic acids(Lucking et al. 1994), and no depsidesnor depsidones; the recently described F.viridisorediata, however, is known to produceroccellic acid (Aptroot et al. 1998). Thepycnidia of Fellhanera gyrophorica are sessileor shortly stalked; such a characteristic isso far unknown in the Pilocarpaceae exceptfor the recently described and neotropicalF. pilomarginata Lucking (Lucking 1997)whose conidiogenous layer is rather wide-exposed, making the conidiomata muchcloser in appearance to sporodochia than togenuine pycnidia.Similar conidia are also known in therelated Byssoloma, also a member of thePilocarpaceae, and the placement of this newspecies in that genus could be contemplated.There is however no decisive argument forsuch a decision, and we have thus decidedto maintain the first choice made more thanten years ago.Remarkably similar in appearance to F.gyrophorica is Micarea pycnidiophora Coppins& P. James, which also has C + red pycnidia(gyrophoric acid). However, the latter haslonger, bacilliform conidia, 3-8-6x1-1-2(-1-5) um, a photobiont with smaller cells(4-7 fim diam.), and a more oceanic distri-bution. The related M. stipitata Coppins &P. James has C - pycnidia that are borne onoften branched stalks, even larger conidia,6-8 x 1-1-8 um, and an even strongeroceanic distribution.Several other European corticolousspecies frequently occur without ascomata,but with conspicuous pycnidia. Such speciesthat might be confused with F. gyrophoricaare listed below [none of these has pycnidiaproducing gyrophoric acid, and all species,except for Fellhanera ochracea and Fellhaner-opsis vezdae, do not belong to the genera towhich they are currently assigned and shouldeventually be moved elsewhere]:Bacidia cameoglauca (Nyl.) A.L. Sm.—pycnidia white-pubescent, larger, 0-2-0-4 mm diam.; conidia oblong, c. 4-6 x1-5 um, and typically with a median con-striction; thallus UV+ pink (xanthones);usually on rocks.Bacidia viridifarinosa Coppins & James—like B. cameoglauca but pycnidia smaller,0-15-0-26 mm diam., and thallus farinosesorediate; often on bark but also on rocks.Bacidia trachona (Ach.) Lettau—pycnidiadark grey to bluish black, with walls thatreact K+ purple; conidia bacillar, 3-5 x1-1-5 um; thallus PD+ red (argopsin);usually on rocks.Catillaria albida Coppins & Vezda—pycnidiawhite but typically pruinose and shortlystipitate; conidia bacillar or ellipsoid, 2-8-3-5(-3-8) x 0-8-1-2 um.Fellhanera ochracea Sparrius & Aptroot—pycnidia typically orange-brown and conidiaalso obpyriform but slightly longer (4—6 um).Fellhaneropsis vezdae (Coppins & P. James)Serus. & Coppins—pycnidia pinkish brown,with filiform conidia (20-)30-43 x 0-5-1 um; thallus generally thinner andsmoother.Lecidea doliiformis Coppins & P. James—pycnidia grey-brown to dark grey, with wallscontaining a brownish pigment reactingK —, N + reddish brown, and an additionalgreen pigment near the ostiole reacting K+intensifying and N+ red; conidia oblong,3-5-5 x 1-5-2 um.use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2001.0328Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Basel Library, on 11 Jul 2017 at 08:58:54, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of288 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 33Distribution and ecology. Fellhanera gyro-phorica has been found in Austria, Lithuania,Luxembourg, Poland, Switzerland andUkraine, and thus appears to be a CentralEuropean species. So far it has not beenfound in the Western parts of Europe andis, for example, unknown in well-exploredareas such as Scandinavia, Great Britain andthe Pyrenees (France and Spain). It seems tobe typical of well-preserved, rather shadyand humid, broad-leaved forests at lowelevations.In the type locality, Fellhanera gyrophoricahas been collected on several phorophytes,both deciduous {Alnus, Fagus and Quercus)and coniferous (Picea) trees, and associatedspecies found with the specimens availableinclude Anisomeridium polypori, Graphisscripta, Lepraria lobificans, Loxospora elatina,Micarea prasina and Opegrapha vulgata. InLuxembourg, the species is found close toArthonia vinosa and Lepraria lobificans, andboth localities where it has been found areconsidered to be forests with a long historicalcontinuity (Diederich 1991). According tothe detailed notes provided by A. Zalewskafor the Polish locality, the Borecka Forest isan almost pristine forest, and associatedspecies of F. gyrophorica are Micarea prasinaand Opegrapha vulgata. In Switzerland mostlocalities are in lowland, mixed deciduousforests with indigenous Abies alba. In thesehabitats F. gyrophorica is confined to standswith a rich epiphytic lichen flora (e.g.Menegazzia terebrata, Fellhanera bouteillei,F. ochracea, F. subtilis, F. viridisorediata,Fellhaneropsis vezdae, Graphis elegans,Micarea adnata and Thelotrema lepadinum),which indicates their high ecological conti-nuity. Because of the strong bryophyte com-petition in the microhabitat occupied by F.gyrophorica, often very few accompanyinglichen species are found with it. In theUkrainian Carpathians F. gyrophorica hasbeen found on young (c. 40 years old) Carpi-nus betulus with ubiquitous epiphytic bryo-phytes, liverworts and lichen species (e.g.Frullania dilatata, Hypnum cupressiforme,Graphis scripta, Lepraria lobificans, Melaneliaglabratula, Phlyctis argena and Pyrenulanitidd).Specimens examined. Austria: Oberosterreich: Almtal,Almbrucke hinter Tierpark, alt. 570 m, on Picea abies,1997, F. Berger 11261 (hb Berger). Steiermark:Oststeirisches Hiigelland, Bezirk Feldbach, 2 km NWvon Feldbach, Kornberger Teiche, auf Borke vonQuercus robur, Picea abies und Fagus sylvatica, 1993, B.Wieser 1688 (checked by TLC), 1689, 1692 (checkedby TLC) & 1988 (GZU).—Lithuania: Trakai distr.:Varniku forest, on trunk of Quercus robur in old pine-oakforest, 1998, J. Motiejunaite 3150 (BILAS, LG; checkedby TLC); Viesvile strict nature reserve, quarter no. 60,area 9, on trunk of Alnus glutinosa in old alder-ashforest, 1998, J. Motiejunaite 3707 (BILAS).—Luxembourg: Gutland: NEE Haller, Halerbaach, surQuercus, 1986, P. Diederich 7595 (hb Diederich); SEBeaufort, Haupeschbaach, sur Quercus, 1986, P. Died-erich 7616 (hb Diederich).—Poland: Suwatki distr.:Borecka Forest (sg. 50), 'Lipowy Jar' reserve, oldCarpinus-Quercus-Tilia {Tilio-Carpinetum), 1996, A.Zalewska 1356 (OLS; checked by TLC).—Switzerland: Aargau: Vordemwald, on Fagus in amixed forest with Abies alba. Quercus sp. and Fagussylvatica, one thallus found in ix 1990, gone in 1997because of bryophyte competition, C. Scheidegger (hbScheidegger). Bern: Darligen, on Abies alba in an old-growth Abies-Fagus forest along a gorge, 15 v 1999, C.Scheidegger (hb Scheidegger); Commune of Neuenegg,on Fagus sylvatica in a humid mixed forest, 30 v 1997,C. Scheidegger (hb Scheidegger) [the population hasbeen damaged by the storm 'Lothar' on 26th December1999]; Wachseldorn, on Abies alba in an Abies forest,1996, M. Frei (G); Teufenthal, on Abies alba in a mixedPicea abies forest, 1998, /. Roth & M. Frei (G).—Ukraine: Zakarpatska oblast: Velyky Berezny distr.:Kostrino forestry, Nimetzky ['German'] stream, alt.c. 350 m, on trunk of large Abies by side stream, 1988,B. Coppins et al. 19274 (E, hb Scheidegger; checked byTLC); near village of Zhornava, Parashynsky stream,370-400 m, on Carpinus, 1998, B. Coppins et al. 19275(E, hb Scheidegger; checked by TLC).We thank F. Berger, J. Motiejunaite, B. Wieser, and A.Zalewska for the loan of the material they had collectedand for allowing us to include their reports in thepresent description of the species, and the followinginstitutions for easy access to material in their care:BILAS, GZU and OLS. We also thank Prof. J.Lambinon for checking our manuscript and for makingseveral interesting suggestions. C. Scheidegger thanksthe Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forest andLandscape for a research grant (Red-list of epiphyticspecies).R E F E R E N C E SAptroot, A., Brand, M. & Spier, L. (1998) Fellhaneraviridisorediata, a new sorediate species fromsheltered trees and shrubs in Western Europe.Lichenologist 30: 21-26.Diederich, P. (1989) Les lichens epiphytiques et leurschampignons lichenicoles (macrolichens exceptes)du Luxembourg. Travaux Scientifiques du Museenational d'histoire naturelle de Luxembourg 14.use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2001.0328Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Basel Library, on 11 Jul 2017 at 08:58:54, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of2001 Fellhanera gyrophorica—Serusiaux et al. 289Diederich, P. (1991) Les forets luxembourgeoises alongue continuite historique. Bulletin de la Societedes Naturalistes luxembourgeois 92: 31-39.Diederich, P. & Serusiaux, E. (2000) The Lichens andLichenicolous Fungi of Belgium and Luxembourg. AnAnnotated Checklist. Luxembourg: Musee nationald'histoire naturelle.Ekman, S. & Arup, U. (2000) Notes on the lichen floraof southern Sweden III. Graphis Scripta 11: 41^17.Kalb, K., Lucking, R. & Serusiaux, E. (2000) Studiesin Bacidia sensu lato (Lichenized ascomycetes:Lecanorales) I. The genus Bapalmuia. Mycotaxon75: 281-309.Lucking, R. (1997) Additions and corrections to theknowledge of the foliicolous lichen flora of CostaRica. The genus Fellhanera, with notes on Bacidiapauciseptata. Tropical Bryology 13: 141-173.Lucking, R., Lumbsch, H. T. & Elix, J. A. (1994)Chemistry, anatomy and morphology of foliicolousspecies of Fellhanera and Badimia (LichenizedAscomycotina: Lecanorales). Botanica Acta 107:393^01 .Lucking, R., Caceres, M. E. da S., Kalb, K. &Serusiaux, E. (2001) Studies in Bacidia sensu lato(lichenized Ascomycetes: Lecanorales) II. Six newcombinations in Fellhanera Vezda. Lichenologist 33:189-194.Orange, A. (1999) Fellhanera viridisorediata. In New,rare and interesting British lichen and lichenicolousfungus records (C. J. B. Hitch, ed.) British LichenSociety Bulletin 84: 49.Puntillo, D., Bricaud, O. & Serusiaux, E. (2000) Afurther locality with foliicolous lichens in Italy, withtaxonomical and ecological data on foliicolouslichens in Western Europe. Cryptogamie: Mycologie21: 171-186.Scheidegger, C , Dietrich, M., Frei, M., Keller, C ,Kuhn, N. & Wildi, E. (1991) Zur Waldflechten-flora des westlichen Aargauer Mittellandesund ihrem Wandel seit 1960. Mitteilungen derAargauischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 33:175-192.Serusiaux, E. (1996) Foliicolous lichens from Madeira,with the description of a new genus and twonew species and a world-wide key of foliicolousFellhanera. Lichenologist 28: 197-227.Sparrius, L. & Aptroot, A. (2000) Fellhanera ochracea,a new corticolous lichen species from shelteredhabitats in Western Europe. Lichenologist 32:515-520.Spier, L. & Aptroot, A. (2000) Fellhaneretum myrtillico-lae ass. nov., the lichen association on Vacciniummyrtillus. Herzogia 14: 43^17.Vezda, A. (1986) Neue Gattungen der FamilieLecideaceae s. lat. (Lichenes). Folia Geobotanica etPhytotaxonomica, Praha 21: 199-219.Accepted for publication 22 March 2001use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2001.0328Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Basel Library, on 11 Jul 2017 at 08:58:54, subject to the Cambridge Core terms ofuse, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2001.0328Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Basel Library, on 11 Jul 2017 at 08:58:54, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of