<p>A) Structure of the chitinase promoter and <i>PGL1</i> gene in the pPZP2H-lac binary vector. B) Grain phenotype of T<sub>0</sub> transgenic plants (Ni#) compared with the Nipponbare wild type (NiWT) (bar = 1 cm) C) Quantitative PCR expression analysis of <i>PGL1</i> in the lemma/palea of T<sub>0</sub> plants compared with the wild type (WT = 1) normalized by <i>OsActin</i>. Error bar indicates ±sd over three biological repeats. D) Comparison of grain length and width of transgenic T<sub>0</sub> and wild type plants (error bar, ±sd, n = 10). Asterisks denote a significant difference from the wild type as determined by Student's t tests (ns, not significant; **, p<0.01; ***,p<0.001).</p
