Industri pengolahan kayu dan mebel (IPKM) Jawa Tengah saat ini menghadapi
permasalahan kekurangan bahan baku kayu. Permasalahan ini mengakibatkan semakin
sulitnya akses industri terutama industri kecil-menengah untuk mendapatkan bahan baku
kayu. Di sisi lain masih diyakini bahwa pasokan bahan baku kayu masih cukup besar dan
masalahnya adalah pada distribusi yang dikuasai oleh para pedagang kayu. Hal ini
memunculkan ide untuk membangun terminal kayu. Mengingat biaya investasi untuk
pembangunan terminal kayu sangat besar sedangkan akar permasalahan IPKM Jawa
Tengah sesungguhnya belum diketahui, maka menarik untuk dikaji apakah terminal kayu
memang dibutuhkan untuk dibangun sebagai sarana penunjang IPKM Jawa Tengah.
Kajian dilakukan melalui penelitian dengan metode deskriptif yang bersifat
eksploratif melalui pengumpulan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif, baik sekunder maupun
primer yang dilakukan dengan depth interview terhadap responden dengan kriteria
tertentu yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Analisis dilakukan terhadap aspek
pasokan dan permintaan bahan baku kayu beserta permasalahannya, aspek distribusi,
aspek fungsi terminal kayu dan kebijakan untuk melihat kemungkinan pembangunan
terminal kayu yang dibandingkan dengan kebutuhannya menurut persepsi responden.
Berdasarkan analisis pasokan dan kebutuhan bahan baku kayu diketahui bahwa
apabila Terminal Kayu Terpadu (TKT) dibangun saat ini maka akan kesulitan untuk
mendapatkan pasokan baik dari luar Jawa maupun impor karena di wilayah utama
penghasil kayu pun mengalami defisit bahan baku kayu (BBK) sebasar 50 juta m3/tahun
dan secara global defisit BBK mencapai > 740 juta m3/tahun. Dari analisis distribusi
diketahui bahwa TKT berpotensi menambah biaya angkut dan mekanisme pergerakan
kayu secara fisik juga tidak praktis kecuali terminal kayu satu lokasi dengan pelabuhan
pendaratan. Jika jumlah sebaran IPHHK dipertimbangkan sebagai faktor utama arahan
lokasi rencana pembangunan TKT maka rencana pembangunannya di Semarang kurang
tepat karena daerah-daerah yang sangat tinggi atau tinggi jumlah unit IPHHK adalah
Kab. Jepara atau Kab. Cilacap. Apabila TKT akan memfasilitasi industri yang
menggunakan kayu dari hutan tanaman, maka rencana pembangunan terminal kayu di
Semarang pun kurang tepat karena daerah yang paling tinggi industrinya menggunakan
kayu dari hutan tanaman berdasarkan jumlah unit adalah Jepara, Cilacap dan Brebes.
Sedangkan berdasarkan kapasitas produksinya, tiga daerah terbesar yang industri
primernya menggunakan kayu tanaman adalah Temanggung, Banjarnegara dan Cilacap.
Jika sebaran industri mebel sebagai arahan lokasi terminal kayu maka daerah dimana
sebaran industri mebelnya dominan dapat dijadikan pertimbangan lokasi. Dalam hal ini
sebaran klaster industri mebel layak dipertimbangkan sebagai arahan lokasi terminal
kayu. Kota Semarang termasuk daerah yang memiliki klaster industri mebel, namun
bukan yang utama. Mengacu pada peraturan yang ada (Permenhut No. 55 & 51/2006
dan Perpres No. 77/2007), peluang pembangunan dengan fungsi yang diharapkan yaitu
dapat melayani pasokan sesuai kebutuhan, adalah sangat terbatas. Yang paling
memungkinkan adalah terminal kayu sama fungsinya sebagai pedagang
perantara.Secara finansial pembangunan TKT tidak ekonomis dan kurang menarik bagi
perusahaan.Dengan demikian, saat ini pembangunan TKT tidak dibutuhkan.
Wood-working and furniture industries (WWFI) in Central Java are currently
faced with raw material shortage. This situation has inflicted difficulty on related
industries to gain access to wood raw material, particularly those of small and middlescale
entrepreneurs. In other hand, wood material supply is surely still adequate, but the
problem arouses on its distribution which is greatly controlled by wood traders. This has
spurred an idea to establish wood terminals. The fact that investment cost for that
establishment is tremendously expensive, while the problem cores faced by the Central
Java’s WWFI is still known, then an idea occurs to assess whether or not wood-terminal
establishment is indeed necessary as the supporting facilities for those Central Java’s
WWFI.
In relevant, the assessment was conducted using a descriptive method, employing
explorative means in collecting the qualitative and quantitative data, either primary or
secondary. Those data were collected through an in-depth interview with respondents
who were previously selected through a purposive sampling. The analysis was performed
on the supply and demand aspects of wood raw material with the scrutiny on problems,
distribution characteristics, function aspects in wood terminals, and related policies to
look into the possibility of wood-terminal establishment compared with its requirements
that corresponded to the respondent perception.
Based on the analysis results about the supply and demand of wood materials, it
found out that if integrated wood terminals (IWT) were to be built on this occasion, then
difficulty that might occur was to procure the wood supply from outside Java as well as
from import. This is because the main wood-producing region encountered a deficit in the
available wood raw material as much as 50 million m3/year or globally over 740 million
m3/year. Results of distribution analysis revealed that IWT could potentially increase
transportation cost, and also physical movement mechanisms seemed impractical unless
the IWT shared with the landing port in one location. If the distribution number of
primary wood-processing industries (PWPI) were considered as a main guiding factor of
IWT’s establishment plan, then the plan located in Semarang would seem inappropriate.
The reason was that regions with numerous PWPI are in Jepara or Cilacap regencies. If
the IWT wanted to facilitate industries that use wood materials from plantation forest
(PF), then the establishment plan in Semarang would not be appropriate either because
the region where the PWPI consumes the greates amounts of wood materials from PF
based on number of units are situated in Jepara, Cilacap, and Brebes. Meanwhile, based
on production capacity, the region where the PWPI consumes wood from the PF the
greatest are in Temanggung, Banjarnegera, and Cilacap. Further, if the distribution of
furniture industries were used as location guides, then the regions with the dominant
distribution of those industries could be considered as the IWT location. Semarang
belongs to a region that has the cluster of furniture industries, despite not being the main.
Referring to the current regulations (Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 55 and 51/2006
and Presidential Law No. 77/2007), the chance of establishment with the expected
function able to deal with the wood supply that corresponded to its demand is very
limited. The establishment with the most likely is the IWT which have the similar function
to the intermediary traders. To sum up, the IWT establishment is financially not economic
and not interesting. Therefore, its establishment currently is not needed