<p>(a) Muscle atrophy induced by denervation. The weight of the GM was measured after denervation for the indicated period. Open bar: sham leg (left); closed bar: denervated leg (right). Data are the mean ± S.E (n = 4). Asterisks indicate significant differences between sham and the denervated leg (Student’s <i>t</i>-test, <i>p</i><0.007). (b) Effect of dietary intake of 8-PN or naringenin on muscle atrophy. Mice consumed each flavonoid-mixed diet for 18 days, and denervation was then carried out. After 4 (black bar) or 6 (white bar) days, the level of atrophy in the GM was calculated as the ratio of the weight of denervated muscle to the weight of sham muscle in each mouse. Data are the mean ± S.E (n = 4). C: control-diet group, 8-PN: 8-PN-containing diet group. Asterisks indicate significant differences to the control diet, which was analyzed by the Tukey multiple comparison test with one-way ANOVA (day 4: <i>p</i> = 0.0034; day 6: <i>p</i> = 0.041). (c) Phosphorylation of Akt and atrogin-1 in the GM (which was collected on the 6th day after denervation) was detected by western blotting (upper) and the density of each image analyzed (bottom). The black bar and white bar in left graph denote phosphorylated Akt and total Akt, respectively. Data are the mean ± S.E (n = 4). C: control-diet group, 8-PN: 8-PN-containing diet group. *Significant differences to the control diet-denervation group (<i>p</i>0.05). #Significant differences to the control diet-sham group.</p
