Ladanai, Svetlana

Vinterbäck, Johan

English

Epsilon Open Archive

I If i I. Information surveyII Literature Review ofDraft of reportII. Literature Review of…World Bioenergy Association (WBA) Project: BIOENERGY, CERTIFICATION and SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIAWorking group: Johan Vinterbäck, PhD (coordinator)Svetlana Ladanai, PhD Department of Energy and TechnologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), UppsalaI. Information survey:How well different criteria are represented within bioenergy issueApproach:among most important human activitiespp‐ among most important human activities ‐ central actor in a knowledge‐based society‐ adjusted to the world trends  Publications ‐significant result of256 discipl. significant result of scientific researchMethod: ISIWOKAD products are high‐quality research databases Analyse Tool of ISIWOKAD to discover trends and patterns y pThe bibliography found with help of ISI Web of Knowledge All Databases (ISIWOKAD) contains materials collected 090804We have followed all applicable search rules when creating search queriesResults: The role of bioenergy as the most importantRE for the near/medium futureResearch problem = world trends4% 9724 renewable energy records  4911 renewable bioenergy records RE for the near/medium future16%12%biohydrowind27%20% agricultureforest, tree50%18%16%othersun 23%30%wasteotherFig. 2.  Relative distribution of renewable energy recordsFig. 3. Relative distribution of 4911renewable bio‐energy records4911renewable bioenergy records11%1% 1%4911 renewable bioenergy records OtherEnvironmentS i bili Conclusion: We need 31%19%SustainabilityEnvironment & SustainabilityCertificationmore research on sustainability criteria and certification 37% Certification & SustainabilityFig. 4. Relative distribution of records of different criteria within 4911 renewable bio‐energy recordscertificationII. Litterature Review: energy biomass potential sustainability certification energy,   biomass potential,    sustainability,    certification1. Energy ‐ fundamental for our social and economic development Global energy consumption in 2005OilConcern:‐ energy shortage‐shortage of material resources Natural GasCoal‐ environmental issues are becoming one of the most important problemsNuclearHydroComb stibleneed to change h iiNote: * other includes geothermal solar wind heat etcCombustible Renewables and WasteOther *11435 Mtoe the situation.Note:  other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.Fig. 5.  Constitutes of the global energy consumption in 2005. (Source:  IEA, 2007b)‐20% of energy from renewables in 2020 in EU The exploitation of RE sources can help the EU meet many of its environmental and energy policy goals, including its obligation to reduce greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol (EC, 2002a) and the aim of securing its energy supply (EC, 2002b; EC, 2005). 2. Biomass use:Fig 11 Overview of current use of different renewable energy options (WEA 2000)Advantage: UnderusedCurrent use of renewablesBiomass energy Hydro Solar Wind GeothermalFig. 11. Overview of current use of different renewable energy options (WEA, 2000). Advantage: the largest renewable energy source today Biomass energy Hydro Solar  Wind GeothermalGPP = 4,500 EJ/yr (Sims2004)5% of GPP (225 EJ)        50% of 470 (235 EJ)   84%15%0%0%1%1%270 EJ – possible on a sustainable basis (Hall et. al., 1998) However…contribution of biomass to 59, 82 EJ500Traditional biomass for the global energy use of 470 EJ in 2007 is only 10 %, mainly in the form of traditional non‐commercial  425300400ule)  cooking/heatingCommersial biomassOthbiomass Used 10% of 470 …Possible:  50% of 470 or 5% of GPP 425100200EJ (exajo OtherElectricity Advantage: biomass can be used in several fields (heat, power, liquid biofuels and 3690Global energy use in 2007HeatBiofuels Fig.7. Contribution of biomass to global energy use of 470 EJ in 2007. (Source: Faaij, 2008). biobased products) 2. Biomass use and potential:Fig. 8. Distribution of land use type in world´s total land area (Sources: Faaij, 2008; ITTO 2006ab, Smeets et. al., 2004). Biomass use – Land availability3,10,025 bn ha 12,014,0gy p ( j,; , ,)However…the amount of land devoted to growing biofuels is 3,51,56,08,010,0(billion ha)   Bioenergy cropsOtherArea used to produce arable crops only 0.19 % of the World`s total land area of 13.2 bn haAdvantage: World`s total land area is 4,90,22,04,06,0Bn ha (PastureForest plantation (ITTO, 2006ab)Natural forest and other wooded area2011 EJ (S t t l 2004)biomass‐ underusedCurrent forest standing stock  + Theoretical potential of biomass energy =Potentials andcurrent use of biomass energy ‐ Theoretical = 2,900 EJ0,0World`s total land area is 13,2 bn ha2011 EJ (Smeets et. al., 2004) potential of biomass energy = =  there is a large reservoir of bioenergyTheoretical potential; 290030003500Potentials and current use of biomass energy ‐5% of Theoretical (145 EJ) = 50% of 300 (145 EJ) = sustainableHowever…current use of biomass Technical Potential; 10001500200025003000EJ   energy is only 0.6 % of Theoretical and is only 6 % of Technical potentials …Potential; 300 Current use; 5005001000Biomass energyFig. 10: Overview of current use, and the technical and theoretical potentials of biomass energy [WEA, 2000].Advantage: Biomass potential is underusedFig. 6. The total global maximal bioenergy production potential in 2050 and in the long‐term perspective 3. Biomass potential: Totalbioenergy production potentials g g gy p p g ppand the total global energy use for different years… these results are in line with each other + with the previous (2900EJ)+ with various other 1000120014001600 Total energy use …energy crops from surplus agricultural land have estimates of the bioenergy production potential450 420 34346482614001396200400600800EJ (exajoule) Fig. 9. Contribution of each biomass resource categories to the global potential of biomass for energy use in 2050 (Source: Hoogwijk et al, 2003). the largest potential contributions75 02050 long-term 2001 2005 2006 2050 2050YearsHarvest and processing residues 1400Contribution of biomass recources to the  potential of biomass for energy useBiomass production on surplus agricultural landBioenergy crops on surplus agricultural areaTotal energy use80010001200EJ  agricultural landBio-materialsBoimass production on degraded landAgric lt ralresid es can be a valuable element of a new116998200400600800EAgricultural residuesAnimal manure (dung)Forest residuesi l h t t th lbl… can be a valuable element of a new energy mix 3 16 25 32 1100200Biomass potential for energy use in 2050Tertiary residue (organic waste)… is large enough to meet the global bioenergy demand in 2050Virgin wood Biomass Forestry residues Tree surgery residues3. Biomass potential: Energy crops Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) Forestry residues Tree surgery residuesShort Rotation Coppice (SRC) Agriculture Grasses and non-woody energy  Aquatics (hydroponics) Agricultural energy crops  Advantage:RenewabilityDry residues  Wet residues Straw and Husks Corn stover Grass silageAnimal slury and farmyard and VersatilityWastePoultry litterfymanureAdvantage:  large Waste Food waste  Industrial waste and co-productsWet food t Waste oils Woody tNon-woody tg gvolumes of unused residueswasteAgricultural residueswaste wasteUntreated wood  Treated woodWood compositePaper pulp and waste Textiles Sewadgeand wastes Wood composite and laminate Sewadge sludge Figure 1. Sources of biomass for production of energy. Biomasses from woody materials are in shaded area. 4. Sustainability, CertificationTh i i F St t lt f dl t f BCSTable 1. Global, international and national forest certification schemes. Schemes/ Standards-setting bodies Country/Region AbreviationWhen the scheme came Principles that form the basis of the forest The experience in For. Sector – most relevant for development of BCSinto existence certification standardForest Stewardship Council A.C.http://www.fsc.org/ Global FSC FSC P&CPan-EuropeanMontrealITTOPan European Forest Certification International PEFC ITTOAmazon TarapotoATOFAO Near EastLepateriqueFAO Dry AfricaAustralian Forest Certification Scheme Australia AFS a 1999 MontrealAbreviationPrinciples/StandardsEnvironmental  functions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15lbl / lPEFC Austria Austria PEFC Austria Pan-EuropeanBCS: FSC + PEFC + additional tools and policies Global/InternationalFSC ++++ - ++++++++-PEFC +++- +++++++++++NationalAFS +++++++++++++++ATFS +++- + - ++++++- ++Principles/standards established for 19 social and economic functionstools and policies.AbreviationPrinciples/StandardsSocial  and Economic functionsABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQRSGlobal/InternationalFSC --+ - ++++++++++++++-Principles/standards established for 15 environmental functionsPEFC +++- ++++++++++++++-NationalAFS  ++++++++++++++- +++-ATFS --++++++- ++--+ ---++CFCH + - +++++++++++++++--III. CONCLUSIONS1.Biomass is the most important renewable energy option at present p2.Biomass has the potential to become the world’s largest and most sustainable energy source and will be very much in  gy ydemand3. Based on the literature review and analysis of the existing forest certification schemes it is recommended to develop an internationally applicable biomass certification system complementing the existing FSC and PEFC schemes by relevant additional tools and policies. These are the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children and ILO Conventions and Recommendations. Thank  you  for  your  tt ti attentionsvetlana.ladanai@et.slu.seAbstract: Biomass is a versatile raw material that can be used for production of heat, power, transport fuels, and bioproducts. When produced and used on a sustainable basis, it  p, p , p p ,is a carbon‐neutral carrier and can make a large contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, biomass‐driven combined heat and power, co‐firing, and combustion plants provide reliable, efficient, and clean power and heat. Production and use of biofuelsi t id S bd th l i ld titi bi f l are growing at a very rapid pace. Sugar cane‐based ethanol is already a competitive biofuelin tropical regions. In the medium term, ethanol and high‐quality synthetic fuels from woody biomass are expected to be competitive at crude oil prices above US$45 per barrel. Feedstocks for bioenergy plants can include residues from agriculture, forestry, and the  gy p g, y,wood processing industry, as well as biomass produced from degraded and marginal lands. Biomass for energy may also be produced on good quality agricultural and pasture lands without jeopardising the world's food and feed supply if agricultural land use efficiency is increased especially in developing regions Revenues from biomass and biomass derived increased, especially in developing regions. Revenues from biomass and biomass‐derived products could provide a key lever for rural development and enhanced agricultural production. Certification schemes are already established to ensure sustainable production of forest biomass and could be adopted to guide residue recovery and energy crop  p g y gy pproduction. Biomass utilisation will be optimised by processing in biorefineries for both products and energy carriers. Given these possibilities, the potential contribution of bioenergy to the world energy demand of some 467 EJ per year (2004) may be increased considerably compared to the current 45 55 EJ A range from 200 400 EJ per year in considerably compared to the current 45‐55 EJ. A range from 200‐400 EJ per year in biomass harvested for energy production may be expected during this century. Assuming expected average conversion efficiencies, this would result in 130‐260 EJ per year of transport fuels or 100‐200 EJ per year of electricity.

Global potential for sustainable bioenergy - World Bioenergy Association’s offer to COP15

http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/5584/1/vinterback_j_etal_110120.pdf

Global potential for sustainable bioenergy - World Bioenergy Association’s offer to COP15

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Epsilon Open Archive