THE PENETRATION OF EUROPEAN IDEOLOGY IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD: “OTHERING” AND “DEFORMING” THE IMAGE OF THE AFRICAN QUEEN NJINGA OF MATAMBA IN THE NARRATIVE OF CAPUCHIN MONK FRA. CAVAZZI DA MONTECÚCCOLO

Abstract

This thesis examines how language deforms the image of the \u27pagan and barbarous\u27 inhabitants of the African continent, and specifically that of Queen Njinga of Matamba, through the process of \u27Othering,\u27 realized by the racist imperialist ideology embedded in European writings. I argue that the representation of Africans and African subjects in Fra. Cavazzi da Montecúccolo\u27s writings deform their image. Cavazzi\u27s writings draw from a stockpile of images that circulated in European ideology to represent the \u27Other\u27 and make inferior all non-Europeans and non-Catholics in order to justify the slave trade and colonization. I employ Walter Mignolo\u27s argument that the \u27darker side of the renaissance\u27 is a racist ideology embedded in European language as an ideology of superiority. I buttress his argument with Mary Louise Pratt\u27s analytical framework, as contained in Imperial Eyes (2007), which explores travel literature language that systematized nature \u27as a European knowledge-building project. Taken together, these frameworks explain how European ideology imposed on native spaces of the Atlantic world via Eurocentric languages and knowledge, as a \u27transculturation\u27 strategy to justify European exploitation of \u27Othered\u27 peoples and cultures. I make use of Richard Popkins\u27 \u27Pre-Adamism and Racism\u27 to link the racialist ideas that circulated in Early Modern Europe and were transposed to the Atlantic world as a thread to present day racism. The primary sources examined in this project are the travel writings of Capuchin Friar Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi da Montecúccolo (1621—1678) and letters written by Queen Njinga of Matamba (c. 1582-1663). Cavazzi\u27s writings report about West Central Africa to the Holy See\u27s Propaganda Fide missionary branch first published in 1668. He penned his \u27eyewitness\u27 narrative from his 1654-1667 travels in the Kongo-Angola-Matamba territory and his visit to the court of Queen Njinga. Cavazzi recorded within his text the twelve letters that he says the queen wrote to Portuguese governors and other European authorities. After thirty years of armed resistance, and aided by missionaries, the queen supposedly wrote these letters expressing her intention to make peace and her desire to be a faithful Catholic. These letters allow me to analyze how the queen represents herself or was represented, thereby revealing her transculturated wisdom, and thus to deconstruct Cavazzi\u27s \u27deformed\u27 imperialist image of the queen