This report surveys the landscape of potential security threats from
malicious uses of AI, and proposes ways to better forecast, prevent, and
mitigate these threats. After analyzing the ways in which AI may influence the
threat landscape in the digital, physical, and political domains, we make four
high-level recommendations for AI researchers and other stakeholders. We also
suggest several promising areas for further research that could expand the
portfolio of defenses, or make attacks less effective or harder to execute.
Finally, we discuss, but do not conclusively resolve, the long-term equilibrium
of attackers and defenders.Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Center for a New American Security, Electronic Frontier Foundation, OpenAI. The Future of Life Institute is acknowledged as a funder
