Structure Optimization of 2‑Benzamidobenzoic Acids as PqsD Inhibitors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections and Elucidation of Binding Mode by SPR, STD NMR, and Molecular Docking

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa employs a characteristic <i>pqs</i> quorum sensing (QS) system that functions via the signal molecules PQS and its precursor HHQ. They control the production of a number of virulence factors and biofilm formation. Recently, we have shown that sulfonamide substituted 2-benzamidobenzoic acids, which are known FabH inhibitors, are also able to inhibit PqsD, the enzyme catalyzing the last and key step in the biosynthesis of HHQ. Here, we describe the further optimization and characterization of this class of compounds as PqsD inhibitors. Structural modifications showed that both the carboxylic acid <i>ortho</i> to the amide and 3′-sulfonamide are essential for binding. Introduction of substituents in the anthranilic part of the molecule resulted in compounds with IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range. Binding mode investigations by SPR with wild-type and mutated PqsD revealed that this compound class does not bind into the active center of PqsD but in the ACoA channel, preventing the substrate from accessing the active site. This binding mode was further confirmed by docking studies and STD NMR