A Comparative Study of the Effects of Rinsing and
Aging of Polypyrrole/Nanocellulose Composites on Their Electrochemical
Properties
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Abstract
The effects of polymerization conditions,
rinsing, and storage
on composites composed of polypyrrole (PPy) and Cladophora nanocellulose
in terms of purity, chemical composition, conductivity, and electroactivity
were investigated using conductivity measurements, cyclic voltammetry,
FTIR-ATR, XPS, and ICP-AES. A clear correlation between rinsing volume
and PPy degradation was found using water- or NaCl-rinsing solutions
as evidenced by conductivity and electroactivity losses. It was further
found, through FTIR-ATR as well as XPS-measurements, that this degradation
was caused by incorporation of hydroxyl groups in the PPy-layer. The
extent of degradation correlated with a shift in the FTIR-ATR peak
around 1300 cm<sup>–1</sup>, showing that FTIR-ATR may be used
as a quick diagnostic tool to evaluate the extent of degradation.
By the use of acidic rinsing solution, this degradation effect was
eliminated and resulted in superior samples in terms of both conductivity
and electroactivity and also in a more efficient removal of reactants.
Upon ambient storage, over a period of 200 days, a gradual decrease
in conductivity was found for initially highly conductive samples.
The electroactivity, on the other hand, was relatively unaffected
by storage, showing that conductivity measurements alone are ineffective
to determine the degree of polymer degradation if the water content
is not controlled. Also, FTIR-ATR measurements indicated that the
oxidation state did not change to any large extent upon storage and
that only minor degradation of PPy occurred. The results presented
herein thus offer valuable guidelines on how to develop simple and
reliable postsynthesis treatments of conducting polymer–paper
composites with performance fulfilling requirements on stability,
electroactivity, and purity in applications such as environmentally
friendly energy storage devices and biomedical applications