Cellular Internalization of Dissolved Cobalt Ions
from Ingested CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles: In Vivo
Experimental Evidence
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Abstract
With a model invertebrate animal,
we have assessed the fate of
magnetic nanoparticles in biologically relevant media, i.e., digestive
juices. The toxic potential and the internalization of such nanoparticles
by nontarget cells were also examined. The aim of this study was to
provide experimental evidence on the formation of Co<sup>2+</sup>,
Fe<sup>2+</sup>, and Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions from CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles in the digestive juices of a model organism.
Standard toxicological parameters were assessed. Cell membrane stability
was tested with a modified method for measurement of its quality.
Proton-induced X-ray emission and low energy synchrotron radiation
X-ray fluorescence were used to study internalization and distribution
of Co and Fe. Co<sup>2+</sup> ions were found to be more toxic than
nanoparticles. We confirmed that Co<sup>2+</sup> ions accumulate in
the hepatopancreas, but Fe<sup><i>n</i>+</sup> ions or CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles are not retained in vivo. A model
biological system with a terrestrial isopod is suited to studies of
the potential dissolution of ions and other products from metal-containing
nanoparticles in biologically complex media